ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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VEGETATION <strong>OF</strong> POST OAK SAVANNAH/INTRODUCTION 121 HERBACEOUS SEEPS AND BOGS—Herbaceous seeps and bogs (including types referred to as muck bogs and possum haw bogs) are well known from a number of localities in the Post Oak Savannah and have been discussed in detail by Nesom et al. (1997) and MacRoberts and MacRoberts (1998e, 2001). Examples on public land include those at Fort Boggy State Park in Leon County, Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area in Anderson County (Telfair 1988; Singhurst et al. 2003b), and the Ottine Swamp at Palmetto State Park in Gonzales County. Several sandstone formations (e.g., Queen City, Sparta) contribute to the formation of these bog habitats (Yantis 1998; Bridges & Orzell 1989a, 1989b; Bezanson 2000), but it is the Carrizo Formation that is particularly important in this regard. Because water moves easily through the sandy, porous Carrizo Formation, bogs and other wetlands are distributed along a line corresponding to the outcrop of the Carrizo at the surface. This line of wetlands runs roughly northeast to southwest from Henderson County to Palmetto State Park in Gonzales County (Bullard 1936; Rowell 1949; Kral 1955; Bradsby et al. 2000). Specific examples of the resulting bogs include several near Flynn in Leon County, Mill Creek and Southworth bogs in Robertson County, and Patschke, Boriak, and Wall bogs in Milam County. The xeric sandylands community that occurs on the Carrizo sands and the association of this community with seepage areas, “muck bogs,” “possum haw bogs,” and other wetlands were discussed by MacRoberts et al. (2002b). In essence, the adjacent xeric sandylands are the water source for the wetlands. Their deep, sandy, porous soils serve as a reservoir for rainwater that eventually percolates through the sand, reaches an impermeable layer beneath, and then moves laterally until it seeps out on a hillside, feeding seeps, springs, and wetlands (MacRoberts et al. 2002b). The Ottine Swamp (Gonzales County) is a particularly striking example of this type of habitat. Here a disjunct remnant population of Sabal minor (dwarf palmetto) and numerous other typically more eastern species have been able to survive since glacial times due to the unique hydrological circumstances. As pointed out by Bryant (1977), “Three elements of the Post Oak Savanna combine to form a favorable environment for the formation of peat bogs in central Texas: (1) the region is dissected by a number of major river systems (Sabine, Neches, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Guadalupe, San Marcos, and San Antonio Rivers) which isolate numerous ox-bows as they meander back and forth across the floodplains; (2) the acidic sandy loam and clay soils keep most small enclosed bodies of water (such as ox-bows and ponds) slightly acidic thereby favoring the growth of bog plants such as Sphagnum moss; and (3) the rolling and hilly topography causes stream dissection of the underlying permeable Carrizo Sands aquifer, thereby creating numerous seeps and artesian springs.” Some of the bogs (e.g., those in Leon and Robertson counties) are characterized by plants such as Sarracenia alata (pitcher plant), Drosera spp. (sundew), Alnus serrulata (hazel alder), Myrica cerifera (southern wax myrtle), Pogonia ophioglossoides (rose pogonia), Lycopodiella appressa (Chapman’s clubmoss), Sphagnum spp. (peat moss), Xyris spp. (yelloweyed-grass), Sagittaria spp. (arrowhead), Utricularia spp. (bladderwort), and numerous species of sedges and rushes. There are often species associated more with eastern forests, such as Nyssa sylvatica (black-gum) and Decodon verticillatus (water-willow). Low-lying woods around the bogs often feature such species as Ilex opaca (American holly), Betula nigra (river birch), Peltandra virginica (Virginia arrow arum), and various ferns (Reed 1997). Plants rare in Texas or with surprising disjunct distributions often are associated with these bog habitats. For example, Bridges and Orzell (1989a) collected Cladium mariscoides (twigrush) from bogs in Anderson and Henderson counties—this is a very surprising discovery since twig-rush is a primarily northern fen/bog species occurring nearest to Texas in Florida, Illinois, Tennessee, and South Carolina (Tucker 2002c)—disjunctions of hundreds of kilometers. The herbaceous seeps and bogs of the Post Oak Savannah share some similarities
122 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION <strong>OF</strong> POST OAK SAVANNAH with the Wet Herbaceous Seeps/hillside bogs/hanging bogs of the Pineywoods, but in general they have fewer species than the floristically richer bogs further east (Bridges & Orzell 1989b). In addition, “muck bogs,” limited in Texas to the Post Oak Savannah, differ from most other East Texas bogs in a number of characteristics (e.g., they can have deep peat deposits) and generally share fewer than 50% of their species with other bog types (e.g., hillside seepage bogs) further east (MacRoberts & MacRoberts 1998e, 2001). Many bog species (e.g., Sarracenia alata, Eriocaulon spp., Rhynchospora spp., Xyris spp.) reach their northwesternmost distribution in the state— and in the southeastern U.S.— in bogs at the Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area in Anderson County (Singhurst et al. 2003b). As such, these bogs appear to “represent the western limit of the southeastern flora at this latitude (31º 58' N)” (Singhurst et al. 2003b). WATER OAK-POST OAK FLOODPLAIN FORESTS—Floodplain forests in the Post Oak Savannah (Fig. 71) tend to be dominated by various oak species, the particular forest composition depending on proximity to the Pineywoods—in general, there is higher species diversity to the east. In some areas, Quercus nigra (water oak) and Quercus stellata (post oak) “may be codominant in lowlying flatwoods, along drainages, and in floodplains, with elms, green ash, eastern red-cedar, and other species of adjacent mesic woods or floodplains” (Bezanson 2000). Vines, including Vitis spp. (grapes), Toxicodendron radicans (poison-ivy), and Berchemia scandens (rattan-vine), and a ground layer of Arundinaria gigantea (switchcane), sedges (various Cyperaceae), Elymus virginicus (Virginia wild rye), Chasmanthium species (wood-oats), and other grasses and numerous forest forbs are typical. In the eastern part of the region, southeastern species such as Quercus phellos (willow oak) may be present (Bezanson 2000). FIG. 71/FLOODPLAIN FOREST IN POST OAK SAVANNAH,LICK CREEK PARK, BRAZOS,CO.(PHOTO BY JIM MANHART). SUGARBERRY-ELM FLOODPLAIN FORESTS— Wooded slopes and floodplains of smaller streams draining the base-rich soils of the Blackland Prairies and adjacent Post Oak Savannahs are characterized by forests of Ulmus crassifolia (cedar elm), Celtis laevigata (sugarberry), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), Ulmus americana (American elm), Acer negundo (boxelder), Carya illinoinensis (pecan), Sapindus saponaria (western soapberry), and other species (Bezanson 2000). “Sugarberry, elms, green ash, and boxelder may be common in earlysuccessional woodlands in drainages and floodplains throughout eastern and central Texas. Vines are often abundant, including Virginia-creeper, rattan-vine, poison-ivy, and peppervine. Giant ragweed and other weedy forbs are often abundant. If relatively undisturbed, the understory should include long-leaf spikegrass, sedges, Virginia wild rye, white avens, ruellias…, and other forbs and grasses. River banks
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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68 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Page 95 and 96: 78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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174 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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