ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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John Leonard Riddell (1807–1865) (Fig. 140), a botanist and geologist, visited Texas briefly in 1839 and contributed to early knowledge about the plants of the state. He traveled across the southern portion of East Texas, from Columbus to Gonzales, Seguin, and San Antonio (Breeden 1994). Riddell worked more extensively in Louisiana, and in 1852 published a list of about 1,800 plants growing in that state. Remarkably, this was the most thorough compilation of the plants of Louisiana available until 1982 (MacRoberts 1984). His name can be seen in Aphanostephus riddellii, Riddell’s lazy daisy, and Selaginella arenicola subsp. riddellii, Riddell’s selaginella. Detailed information about his travels in Texas is given in Breeden (1994), and a brief synopsis of his life in MacRoberts (1984). A devoted student of Texas natural history was Gideon Lincecum (1793–1874), a Georgiaborn frontier naturalist and pioneer physician who lived and worked in Texas (and later Mexico) from 1848 to 1874 (Fig. 141). During his career he corresponded with such eminent scientists as Charles Darwin, Spencer Baird, and Joseph Henry. Though self-taught, he published at least two dozen scientific articles and was elected a corresponding member of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Lincecum sent botanical specimens to such prestigious museums as the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the British Museum, and the Smithsonian Institution. Some of his collections are still available for study today at the Barker Texas History Collection, part of the University of Texas at Austin Library. Lincecum was also one of the earliest voices in Texas expressing a conservation ethic. In 1861, he wrote about the importance of conserving native pasture grasses and lamented the decline in prairie vegetation (Doughty 1987). In fact, Lincecum became an authority on Texas grasses and early on stressed the use of native grasses. He objected vehemently to recommendations for importing grasses from foreign lands or from states in the north and east (“a Yankee trick!”) in order to improve Texas pastures (Doughty 1983). According to Lincecum (1861b), “The grasses best suited for meadows in Texas are already here.” Addition- HISTORY OF BOTANY IN TEXAS/INTRODUCTION 237 FIG. 141/GIDEON LINCECUM (1793–1874). FROM PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS (CN00151), THE CENTER FOR AMERICAN HISTORY, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN. ally, he made extensive observations of the Texas agricultural (harvester) ant. His work with ants was eventually read by Darwin before the Linnaean Society in London and published in the Society’s journal in 1862 (Lincecum 1861a, 1862; Geiser 1948a; Burkhalter 1965; Lincecum & Phillips 1994; Lincecum et al. 1997). His name is remembered in Vitis aestivalis var. lincecumii, the pinewoods grape, of East Texas. Detailed information and much of his correspondence can be found in Lincecum and Phillips (1994) and Lincecum et al. (1997). Important Texas collections were made in 1849–1850 by the French botanist Auguste Adolph Lucien Trécul (1818–1896). According to Geiser (1948a), he visited Texas on his scientific mission to North America to study and collect plants used for food by Native Americans. Stillingia treculeana, Trecul’s stillingia, and Yucca treculeana, Trecul’s yucca or Spanish-dagger, are both named in his honor. McKelvey (1955, 1991) gave detailed information about Trécul’s travels in southern and central Texas, including an outline of his route and some collection numbers. Further information on Trécul can be found in Jovet and Willmann (1957). In 1852, George G. Shumard (1825–1867), surgeon on R.B. Marcy’s expedition to explore the Red River (Marcy 1853), collected 200 plant species (Winkler 1915). Torrey (1853) published
238 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY IN TEXAS a list of species from this expedition, along with 20 excellent illustrations, some of which are reproduced in this flora. Another interesting early contributor to Texas botany was Samuel Botsford Buckley (1809–1884). He first came to Texas in 1859, twice served as State Geologist of Texas, and collected plants in various parts of the state. He also served at one time as the official State Botanist (Studhalter 1931). According to L. Dorr (pers. comm.), “… it should be noted that Buckley was the first botanist to collect in Texas who then described new taxa from his own collections. Asa Gray took great exception to this infringement upon his virtual monopoly on publishing on Texas plants and Gray published several scathing reviews of Buckley’s work. Buckley published in excess of 100 taxa of Texas plants, a number of which are recognized today.” Several of Buckley’s scientific papers were published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (e.g., Buckley 1861 [1862]), including his rebuttal to Gray’s criticisms (Buckley 1870). One of the best known species described by Buckley is Quercus shumardii, Shumard’s red oak, which he named for B.F. Shumard, a geologist under whose direction he once worked. Buckley’s name is remembered in Quercus buckleyi, Texas red oak (Dorr & Nixon 1985). Detailed information about Buckley’s life and work can be found in Dorr and Nixon (1985) and Dorr (1997). It should be noted that early Texas plant collectors often encountered great difficulties. They endured conditions hardly imaginable today, and often made great sacrifices (Hatter 1991). For example, both Berlandier and Lindheimer are reported to have contracted malaria while in Texas, and Julien Reverchon “lost both of his sons to typhoid fever while he was away collecting in West Texas” (Hatter 1991). Further, large numbers of specimens were often lost during shipment or through various types of damage. To work today with herbarium specimens from these early botanists or to read their first-hand accounts is to look through important windows back in time to a Texas very different than we know today. Botany was also being taught in Texas schools prior to the Civil War. According to Studhalter (1931), in “the various institutions of higher learning in the state, the subject of botany, together with many other sciences, received a surprising amount of attention.” Charles Wright taught at Rutersville College in Fayette County in 1845–46, and his work there “represents some of the first science field-work done in the schools of Texas” (Geiser 1948a). Also among the earliest schools in the state teaching botany, physics, and chemistry was Austin College, established in 1849 (Studhalter 1931). AFTER THE CIVIL WAR TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II / 1865–1945 While much of the post-Civil War botanical history is covered in the section on Modern Centers of Botanical Research in Texas, a number of important contributions warrant mention here. One of the earliest significant collections of East Texas plants was by Elihu Hall (1822–1882). Hall collected for a variety of subscribers, including Asa Gray, and in 1873 he published Plantae Texanae: A List of the Plants Collected in Eastern Texas in 1872, and Distributed to Subscribers. This was a compilation of the 861 species that he had collected in the eastern part of the state and as such represented one of the earliest plant inventories of that part of Texas. A number of specific epithets honor Hall, including those of Dalea hallii, Hall’s dalea, Panicum hallii, Hall’s witch grass, and Schoenoplectus hallii, Hall’s bulrush. Maude Jeannie Young (1826–1882), the first woman botanist in Texas, taught botany in Houston, collected plants, and in 1873 published Familiar Lessons in Botany with Flora of Texas. This extensive work (646 pages) is reported to be “the first text in any science written within the state” (Studhalter 1931; Todzia 1998). According to Dorr and Nixon (1985), “It is a curious book. The major portion of the Flora was copied verbatim from Chapman’s Flora of the Southern United States (1860), Mrs. Young’s editorial contribution consisting of the
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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