ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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CURRENT VEGETATION <strong>OF</strong> PINEYWOODS/INTRODUCTION 99 FIG.56/MESIC LOWER SLOPE AND TERRACE FROM ANGELINA NATIONAL FOREST,ANGELINA CO.(PHOTO BY JVK). FIG.57/MESIC LOWER SLOPE AND TERRACE NEAR NACOGDOCHES,NACOGDOCHES CO.(PHOTO BY JVK).
100 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION <strong>OF</strong> PINEYWOODS to streams historically protected these sites from fires, most of which would have had to burn downhill to reach them. Moreover, lower hydrologic position on the landscape results in more available soil moisture and nutrients than for uplands. In presettlement times, firesensitive species including loblolly pine were probably more restricted to these sites than they are today. Of all Pineywoods forest types, Mesic Lower Slopes and Terraces have the closest affinity with the Eastern Deciduous Forests of the Appalachians, the Midwest, and the northeastern U.S. (Braun 1950; Blackwelder 2000). Natural stands develop a diverse mixture of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) and various deciduous hardwoods, including Quercus falcata (southern red oak), Q. alba (white oak), Q. nigra (water oak), Nyssa sylvatica (black-gum), and Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum). Fagus grandifolia (American beech) and Magnolia grandiflora (southern magnolia) often grow on undisturbed sites. Ilex opaca (American holly), Ulmus alata (winged elm), Acer barbatum (Florida maple), Cornus florida (flowering dogwood), Ostrya virginiana (eastern hop hornbeam), Callicarpa americana (American beauty-berry), and Viburnum acerifolium (maple-leaf viburnum) are important in the understory. Chasmanthium sessiliflorum (narrow-leaf wood-oats), Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper), Mitchella repens (partridge berry), Smilax pumila (sarsaparilla-vine), and Sanicula canadensis (black snakeroot) are common ground layer species. Vines such as Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine grape) commonly festoon the trees. Less frequent are “vernal herbs” more typical of the deciduous forests of the Appalachians or the Midwestern U.S: Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple), Erythronium albidum (white trout lily), Arisaema triphyllum (jack-in-the-pulpit), A. dracontium (green-dragon), and Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot). Such spring ephemerals typically flower in early spring as soon as suitable temperatures permit and before the canopy closes and available light is thus greatly reduced (Schemske et al. 1978). Preliminary observations suggest the existence of both a “sandy soil” variant more likely to support high populations of Mitchella repens, Smilax pumila, Fagus grandifolia, Magnolia grandiflora, and others and a “rich-mesic” variant on nutrient-rich clayey-loamy soils where “vernal herbs” such as Podophyllum peltatum, Arisaema dracontium, Erythronium spp., and Polygonatum biflorum (great Solomon’s seal), along with Tilia americana (American basswood), are more likely to occur. However, we have not yet documented these differences with quantitative data. MESIC STREAM BOTTOMS—On the narrow floodplains of small tributary streams, a mixed loblolly pine-broad-leaved deciduous forest very similar to that of adjacent Mesic Lower Slopes develops (Fig. 58). It is also known as “mesic creek bottom” (Nixon 2000), and “floodplain hardwood-pine forest” (Marks & Harcombe 1981). The small streams usually have a deep, well-developed stream channel and a narrow floodplain and drain only a small portion of the watershed. As a result, flooding is brief and infrequent. Occasionally, species characteristic of wetter sites, including Quercus laurifolia (laurel oak), Boehmeria cylindrica (false nettle), and especially Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam), may also be found, especially in low areas or adjacent to the stream channel. WET-MESIC STREAM BOTTOMS—Downstream from Mesic Stream Bottoms, streams become larger, floodplains wider, floods more frequent, and flood duration longer. Often associated with third-order perennial streams, Wet-Mesic Stream Bottoms are transitional between Mesic Stream Bottoms and downstream Seasonally Flooded River Floodplains. The hydrologic regime corresponds to that of Zone V of Clark and Benforndo (1981), which is described as “irregularly inundated” in the Wetlands Delineation Manual (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1987). Flooding is not severe enough to eliminate many mesic species, but flood-tolerant species such as Q. laurifolia (laurel oak), Q. phellos (willow oak), Betula nigra (river birch), and Boehmeria cylindrica (false nettle) occur—especially in depressions and old stream channels.
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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Page 67 and 68: 50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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Page 83 and 84: 66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Page 95 and 96: 78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
Page 97 and 98: 80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
Page 105 and 106: 88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
Page 107 and 108: 90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
Page 115: 98 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
Page 123 and 124: 106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
Page 127 and 128: 110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
Page 129 and 130: 112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
Page 131 and 132: 114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
Page 133 and 134: 116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
Page 135 and 136: 118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
Page 141 and 142: 124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
Page 145 and 146: 128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
Page 147 and 148: 130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
Page 149 and 150: 132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
Page 151 and 152: 134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
Page 161 and 162: 144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
Page 163 and 164: 146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
Page 165 and 166: 148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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174 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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