ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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Another East Texas herbarium (SHST), at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, though relatively small, has the distinction of being the oldest herbarium in the state (founded 1899—one year before the University of Texas herbarium—Holmgren et al. 1990). Justin Williams, who specializes in the Apocynaceae and the flora of the Texas Panhandle, is at SHST and has recently taken over the editorship of the botanical journal Phytologia (Turner & Williams 2004). Glenn Kroh of Texas Christian University in Fort Worth and his students have done research on the plant ecology of various areas in East Texas, including Caddo Lake (e.g., Cross 1996). There are numerous Texas institutions and locations outside East Texas where important botanical contributions have been made. One of the most significant of these is Sul Ross State University in Alpine, where the emphasis is on plants of the Trans-Pecos. The herbarium there (SRSC) houses one of the most complete plant collections covering the Trans-Pecos (Warnock 1970). Early students in the region included Charles Wright (collected in the area in 1849), G.C. Nealley (collected in the area 1887–1893—McVaugh 1946), W.L. Bray (made observations prior to 1905), and M.S. Young (who visited the region about 1914). Later, Leon C. Hinckley did work in the region, including an extensive survey of the vegetation of Mt. Livermore in 1934–1939 (Warnock 1977). Aquilegia chrysantha var. hinckleyana, endemic to the Trans-Pecos, and Quercus hinckleyi are both named in his honor. One of the earliest widely available publications on the plants of the area was Plants of Big Bend National Park (McDougall & Sperry 1951). While significant collecting and limited publication had been done on the Big Bend area previous to his arrival at SRSC, it was with Barton H. Warnock (1911–1998) (Fig. 158), a student of Tharp, that work on the botany of the Trans-Pecos expanded dramatically. Among his books on the region are Wildflowers of the Big Bend Country, Texas (Warnock 1970), Wildflowers of the Guadalupe Mountains and the Sand Dune Country, Texas (Warnock 1974), and Wildflowers of the Davis Mountains and Marathon Basin, Texas (Warnock 1977). More than a dozen species have been named in his honor including Hexalectris warnockii, Texas purple-spike. For additional details on Warnock see Turner (1998) and McVaugh (1999). Subsequently, and continuing to the present, Michael A. Powell and his numerous students have conducted extensive research in the region. His most noteworthy publications include Trees and Shrubs of Trans-Pecos FIG. 158/BARTON H.WARNOCK (1911–1998) IN THE FIELD IN WEST TEXAS IN 1947. PHOTO BY ROGERS MCVAUGH.COURTESY OF THE HUNT INSTITUTE FOR BOTANICAL DOCUMENTATION, CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY,PITTSBURGH,PA. OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TO TEXAS BOTANY/INTRODUCTION 255 Texas including Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks (Powell 1988), Trees and Shrubs of the Trans-Pecos and Adjacent Areas (Powell 1998), Grasses of the Trans-Pecos and Adjacent Areas (Powell 1994), and Ferns and Fern Allies of the Trans-Pecos and Adjacent Areas (Yarborough & Powell 2002). Other contributors at SRSC have included Sharon Yarborough and James C. Zech.
256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL ACTIVITY IN TEXAS Botanical research on the Trans-Pecos is also being carried out by Richard Worthington at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). An important botanical project now underway, that is state-wide in scope, is a joint effort between botanists at the Nature Conservancy of Texas and Texas Parks and Wildlife. The product will be an illustrated book titled The Rare Plants of Texas, which is currently in preparation by William Carr, Jackie Poole, Dana Price, and Jason Singhurst, with illustrations by Linny Heagy. This work will be a major contribution to raising public awareness about the many plant species of conservation concern in the state. Texas State University-San Marcos (SWT) has been active in botanical research through the efforts of David E. Lemke and his colleagues and students. These studies have included research on aquatic plants and an effort to update the Correll and Johnston Manual. Angelo State University (SAT) in San Angelo is known for the work of Chester Rowell and Bonnie Amos. Rowell (1925–2003) specialized in systematic and ecological botany, including early work on bog communities (e.g., Rowell 1949), and is particularly remembered as a teacher and mentor (Blassingame 2003). Many of his students did county floras and made significant contributions of plant distribution data. More recently, Amos has worked on Texas endemics, pollination ecology, and the plants of the Edwards Plateau. She co-authored Edwards Plateau Vegetation: Plant Ecological Studies in Central Texas (Amos & Gehlbach 1988). Plant ecology research has been carried out at the University of Texas at San Antonio by O.W. van Auken (e.g., van Auken 2000). The E.L. Reed Herbarium at Texas Tech University (TTC) in Lubbock is perhaps best known botanically for the works of R.C. Jackson, David K. Northington, and Charles Werth. A number of institutions have been involved in botanical research on southern Texas. The University of Texas Pan American (PAUH) in Edinburgh has been a center of research on the plants of Padre Island and the southern part of the state, largely through the work of Robert Lonard (e.g., Lonard 1993; Lonard & Judd, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1991, 1993, 2002; Lonard et al. 1991; Everitt et al. 2002), often in association with Frank Judd. Other work on these areas has been carried out by Allan Nelson of Tarleton State University, Stephenville (TAC), I.G. Negrete of Texas A&M Univ.-Kingsville (TAIC), and their colleagues (e.g., Negrete et al. 1999, 2002; Nelson et al. 2000, 2001) and by Alfred Richardson (Univ. of Texas at Brownsville) (e.g., Richardson 1995, 2002). Other active Texas herbaria, listed in Index Herbariorum (Holmgren et al. 2004) but not mentioned elsewhere in this section, include ETST (Texas A&M-Commerce), HABAYC (University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton), HSU (Hardin-Simmons University, Abilene), LAMU (Lamar University, Beaumont), LLC (Our Lady of the Lake University, San Antonio), NTSC (University of North Texas, Denton), SPLT (South Plains College, Levelland, particularly strong in ferns due to work by Jim Blassingame), TCSW (Texas Woman’s University, Denton), UVST (Toney Keeney Herbarium at Southwest Texas Junior College, Uvalde), WTS (West Texas A&M University, Canyon), and WWF (Rob & Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation, Sinton). CURRENT BOTANICAL ACTIVITY Botanical efforts are under way currently in East Texas at the institutions listed above, through the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, by various conservation organizations (e.g., Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Native Prairies Association, Native Plant Society of Texas, Natural Area Preservation Association, Nature Conservancy of Texas), and by other interested professional and lay botanists. Surprising and exciting discoveries are constantly being made. Species new to science are still being described (Ertter 2000), and numerous species, both native and introduced, are found for the first time in Texas each year. From 1990 to 2000, 48
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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202 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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