ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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CONSERVATION IN BIG THICKET/INTRODUCTION 195 Many individuals, ranging from concerned local residents to writers, scientists, politicians, and even lumbermen, were instrumental in raising attention and serving as a national conscience to save at least something of the Big Thicket. Some of the most notable who influenced the formation of the national preserve include Lance Rosier, “Mr. Big Thicket” (Fig. 111); the botanist, artist, and writer Geraldine Watson (1975, 1979) (Fig. 113); Maxine Johnston (1972, 2001), conservationist and currently co-editor of the Big Thicket Reporter; Professor Claude McLeod (1971, 1972, 1975); Professor Pete Gunter (1967, 1993, 1997, 2000), author and musician; William Owens (1973, 1978), folklorist and author; guide Harold Nicholas; naturalist and author Howard “Tush Hog” Peacock (1994; also see Cook 2001); the “fire-eating” newspaperman Archer Fullingim; activist Ned Fritz (see Ostdick 2000); Dempsie Henley (1967, 1970), author and politician; Billy Hallmon, graphic artist who also did field work to define the preserve boundaries; lumberman Arthur Temple; Congressmen Bob Eckhardt and Charles Wilson; and Senator Ralph Yarborough (Cox 2002), considered by some to be the most effective conservationist in Texas history (he also co-wrote the Endangered Species Act of 1969 and was instrumental in the formation of Padre Island National Seashore and Guadalupe National Park—Odintz 1996; Johnston 2001). CREATION OF THE BIG THICKET NATIONAL PRESERVE—Finally, after 27 other unsuccessful Big Thicket bills had been introduced in Congress (Cozine 1993), a bill creating an 84,550 acre (34,216 hectare) Big Thicket National Preserve was signed into law by President Gerald R. Ford in October of 1974. This culminated the nearly half-century long, often rancorous environmental struggle. The Big Thicket was the country’s first designated National Preserve (Owens 1978), but even this was a compromise—while logging was not permitted, hunting and oil and gas production could still continue (Fountain 1986). Unfortunately, by the time of the preserve’s creation, only tiny remnants of the once vast old growth forest were left. One of the best remaining examples of such old growth forest was outside the preserve on the small Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation in the northern portion of the Big Thicket near Livingston—a striking commentary on the value placed on the natural world by different cultures. On the positive side, significant areas of high diversity second or third growth forests still remained, and knowledgeable preserve supporters and local residents (e.g., Billy Hallmon, Geraldine Watson) assisted in establishing the most appropriate boundaries for the newly created preserve (Gunter 1993). The 84,550 acres saved were divided into eight widely spaced land units and four connecting water corridors—the goal being to include and link as many different habitats as possible (Fig. 114). According to the National Park Service (http://www.nps.gov/bith/), the preserve was created “to protect the area of rich biological diversity where the eastern hardwood forests, the southern coastal wetlands, the western prairies and the arid southwest converge.” In 1993, President Clinton signed an “additions” bill that would increase the size of the preserve by 10,766 acres (4,357 hectares), to be acquired by an exchange of national forest land for land owned by timber companies (Peacock 1994). The additional acreage was to be divided between three newly created units—the Village Creek Corridor, the Big Sandy Creek Corridor, and the Canyonlands Unit—all ecologically important areas. With other minor additions, this would bring the preserve to a total of 96,804 acres (39,175 hectares) (Big Thicket Association 2002). Unfortunately, lack of cooperation between government agencies brought the expansion to a standstill, and efforts are currently being made to finalize this addition. Only the future will tell if this modest addition to one of the nation’s most important protected areas will become a reality. Fortunately, in the more than twenty-five years since the creation of the preserve, attitudes have gradually changed, and there is now even local pride in and appreciation of the local economic benefit from what has been set aside and brought to national attention as the Big Thicket National Preserve (Owens 1978). In 1981, the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Man and the Biosphere program selected the preserve as
196 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BIG THICKET FIG. 114/ BIG THICKET NATIONAL PRESERVE SHOWING THE LAND UNITS AND WATER CORRIDORS (FROM PITTMAN 1978, WITH PERMISSION OF TEXAS A&M UNIV.PRESS,©1978). an International Biosphere Reserve, based on research by the School of Forestry of Stephen F. Austin State University (Gunter 1993). More recently, in 2001, the American Bird Conservancy recognized the preserve as a Globally Important Bird Area (Big Thicket National Preserve 2002). Texans can be proud that a small example of the natural vegetation of the state has been preserved for future generations and internationally recognized. OTHER CONSERVATION EFFORTS—There have been a number of other significant conservation efforts in the area. These include the formation of three state Parks—Davis Hill in northern Liberty County, Martin Dies, Jr. in Jasper and Tyler counties, and Village Creek in Hardin County—and the creation of the approximately 10,000 acre (4,050 hectare) Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge in Liberty County. An important non-governmental preserve in the region is the Roy E. Larsen Sandyland Sanctuary, a 5,561 acre (2,250 hectare) private nature preserve in Hardin County. The Sanctuary consists of this core area owned by The Nature Conservancy plus an additional 2,778 acres (1,124 hectares) protected through a conservation easement (Nature Conservancy 2004). In 2003, an exciting announcement was made of a 33,000 acre (13,355 hectare) area to be preserved at the northern margin of the Big Thicket on the “Middle Neches.” This was achieved through a creative conservation-sustainable forestry
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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