ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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HISTORY OF BIG THICKET/INTRODUCTION 187 for large-scale lumber extraction. At that point, exploitation of the extensive, park-like, longleaf pine forests (Fig. 103) could begin in earnest. This was followed in the 1890s by railroad building in the eastern part of the thicket (Gunter 1993). Soon, other railroads (Fig. 104) and temporary lateral spur lines (called trams or tramways) extending from the FIG. 105/ TWO HUGE LOGS ON RAMP NEAR DOUCETTE,TYLER CO.PHOTO COURTESY TEXAS FORESTRY MUSEUM,LUFKIN. FIG. 106/WIERGATE (NEWTON CO.) STEAM SKIDDER AND CREW.THE FRIGHTENINGLY POWERFUL SKIDDERS WERE ABLE TO RAPIDLY PULL IN LOGS FROM MORE THAN 200 YARDS AWAY.PHOTO COURTESY NEWTON HISTORY CENTER,NEWTON.
188 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THICKET main lines were widespread, the entire region became a network of tracks, and the once vast longleaf pine forests that had been located mostly in Jasper, Newton, Polk, and Tyler counties were rapidly reduced (Fig. 105). Consistent with the mentality of the times, the lumber companies practiced “cut and get out” policies and “took every tree that could be sold, and left only wreckage” (Gunter 1993). Little heed was given to what remained after lumbering. The use of the powerful steam skidder is particularly indicative (Fig. 106). Steel cables were attached to huge logs which were then rapidly pulled by the skidder, sometimes over 200 yards, to the temporary lateral trams. Under the force of the skidder, the logs “raced through the woods like a battering ram, gouging up the ground, destroying small timber, and sometimes flipping end over end” (Sitton 1995). Forester W.G. Jones (in Sitton & Conrad 1998) observed in 1920 that the skidders, …lay low everything in their way. Standing trees that are not pulled down are skinned so badly as to be worthless. The remains of the forest are like the shell torn areas of France. In 1939, Cruikshank and Eldredge stated that “About 200,000 acres, mostly in the longleaf pine type in Newton, Jasper, Angelina, and Tyler counties, are virtually denuded of trees, as a result of the skidder logging of past decades.” The toll of the lumbering boom on the vegetation began to rapidly become apparent. According to McLeod (1972), …by the beginning of the 1900’s, the Big Thicket loblolly pine-hardwood forest, the adjacent shortleaf pine-hardwood forest to the west and north, and the magnificent longleaf pine forest contiguous on the northeast and east were under sustained assault that was not to end until practically all of the virgin pine forests were reduced to cut-over woodlands. While most of the old growth pine forests of the Big Thicket were harvested before 1935, some remained as late as 1940. Today, only a very few old growth pines remain, typically found on the more remote inaccessible sites (McLeod 1972). The old growth hardwood forests lasted somewhat longer, but the heavy market demands before, during, and after World War II sharply reduced this resource as well (McLeod 1972). In recent decades, plywood, paper, pulp, and chip products have replaced traditional products requiring large timber, and as a result, fast-growing trees that can be harvested on a short-rotation cycle have been favored (Halstead 2002). Such operations are dependent on “chip-n-saws,” machines that convert logs into wood chips. Since these chip mills can use small diameter timber, younger and younger trees can be harvested, with little opportunity for the forests to develop any value for wildlife (Fickle 2002). Further, modern forestry techniques including clearcutting, large-scale bulldozing, and widespread use of herbicides to suppress hardwoods have become widespread. As a result, large areas of high diversity forest have been replaced by plantations or tree farms of evenly spaced loblolly pines. From the standpoint of diversity, such monocultures are “biological deserts” (Ajilvsgi 1979) which are marginal for wildlife (Truett & Lay 1984). Under some circumstances, this type of monoculture forestry also contributes to bark beetle outbreaks (de Groot & Turgeon 1998), a recurrent problem in East Texas. Clearcutting and associated techniques such as bulldozing eliminate all or most hardwoods and leave no shelter for most native animals and little food to sustain them (Owens 1978). One of the most extreme examples of this approach is the “soil shredder.” Employed in the conversion of hardwood forests to pine monocultures, this type of machine is used to clear not only stumps and all other above-ground material, but also the roots and all other living material to a depth of about three feet below the surface (Gunter 1993). Soil shredding, bulldozing, and other mechanical site preparation techniques are often highly destructive to natural hydrology and habitats (see Fig. 107) and irreversibly alter the landscape.
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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Page 163 and 164: 146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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Page 167 and 168: 150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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Page 171 and 172: 154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
Page 173 and 174: 156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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Page 207 and 208: 190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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Page 251 and 252: 234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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238 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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