ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF EAST TEXAS FLORA/INTRODUCTION 205 eastern and western North America and eastern Asia (an East Texas example is the genus Trillium). Molecular phylogenetic work suggests that for a number of genera, the eastern and western North American species are sister groups, “which in turn are the sister of the Asian species” (Xiang et al. 1998). Such a consistent pattern suggests a common geographic history and can “be viewed as support for the long-standing hypothesis that the disjunction in eastern Asia, eastern North America, and western North America represents the fragmentation of a once continuous plant community” (Xiang et al. 1998). Unfortunately for the Tertiary floras of western North America (and Europe as indicated above), geologic and climatic changes resulted in the elimination of many species from those areas. However, a significant number of genera have survived in only two geographically distant Tertiary relict areas, eastern Asia and eastern North America. This striking distribution pattern has long been of interest to botanists (e.g., Linnaeus in Halenius 1750—the dissertation of one of his students; Gray 1846, 1859) and continues to be so today (e.g., Li & Adair 1994, 1997; Xiang et al. 1998; Graham 1999; Wen 1999, 2001; Xiang & Soltis 1999; Donoghue et al. 2001). Because of Gray’s early work on this biogeographic pattern, it has sometimes been referred to as the “Asa Gray disjunction” (Wen 1999). Some of the most recent research (Wen 1999) indicates that this disjunct distribution pattern occurs in 65 genera of flowering plants. The genus Carya is one example (Fig. 120); other East Texas examples include Aletris, Ampelopsis, Apios, Brachyelytrum, Campsis, Diarrhena, Halesia, Hamamelis, Lindera, Lyonia, Menispermum, Nyssa, Parthenocissus, Penthorum, Phryma, Podophyllum, Sassafras, Saururus, Stewartia, Tipularia, Trachelospermum, Triosteum, Wisteria, and Zizania (Li 1952; Little 1970; Boufford & Spongberg 1983; Hamilton 1983; Hsü 1983; Wu 1983; Ying 1983; Cox & Moore 1993; Graham 1993a; Wen 1999). In fact, representatives of 33 of the 65 genera (51%) cited by Wen (1999) as eastern Asia-eastern North America disjuncts occur in East Texas. In the words of Graham (1993a), “It is well known that the broad-leaved deciduous forests of eastern North America and eastern Asia are floristically related…. It results from the maximum extension of the temperate deciduous forest in the mid-Tertiary and its disruption in western North America during the Pliocene and in western Europe during the Quaternary.” This is one of the most ancient components of the East Texas flora—by at least the Early Tertiary Period (Eocene Epoch—55.5–33.7 mya), deciduous vegetation was present across the middle of the North American continent, including such familiar genera as Acer, Celtis, Liquidambar, Populus, and Rhus (Graham 1993a). In addition to present-day disjuncts between the two areas, fossils of numerous present-day Asian genera (e.g., Ailanthus, Ginkgo, Metasequoia) have been found in North America (Graham 1999). FIG. 120/ WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION MAP OF CARYA (JUGLANDACEAE) SHOWING ITS DISJUNCT OCCURRENCE IN EASTERN ASIA AND EASTERN NORTH AMERICA (FROM WU 1983).
206 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF EAST TEXAS FLORA FIG. 121/ DISJUNCT DISTRIBUTIONS BETWEEN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EASTERN MEXICO (FROM MARTIN & HARRELL 1957, WITH PERMISSION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA). As discussed earlier, the vegetation of the eastern deciduous forest has a complex origin. Tiffney (1985a, 1985b) hypothesized multiple origins of the eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunction, proposing migrations dating to five major periods—pre-Tertiary, Early Eocene, Late Eocene-Oligocene, Miocene, and Late Tertiary-Quaternary. Dilcher (2000) also emphasized that different routes between the Old and New worlds have been open at different times in the past and that the shared vegetational elements between Asia and North America are possibly derived from multiple introductions (in other words, the same disjunct distribution pattern may have more than one origin—including long distance dispersal). Likewise, work by Xiang et al. (1998), Wen (1999), and most recently, studies by Donoghue et al. (2001) and Xiang and Soltis (2001) supported this complex and
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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