ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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CURRENT VEGETATION <strong>OF</strong> PINEYWOODS/INTRODUCTION 103 various topographic depressions (Fig. 60). Characteristic tree species include Magnolia virginiana (sweetbay magnolia), Nyssa biflora (swamp tupelo), and Acer rubrum (red maple). Typical shrubs and vines include Myrica heterophylla (evergreen bayberry), Toxicodendron vernix (poison sumac), Smilax laurifolia (laurel-leaf greenbrier), Viburnum nudum (possumhaw), and Persea borbonia (redbay). In the southern part of the Pineywoods, but not in the northern, Ilex coriacea (gallberry holly) is also common. Rhododendron canescens (mountain azalea) and other wild azalea species provide showy flowers in spring. Woodwardia areolata (netted chain fern) typically dominates the ground layer. Other important forest floor species are Osmunda regalis (royal fern), O. cinnamomea (cinnamon fern), and Eleocharis microcarpa (small-fruit spikesedge). Patches of Sphagnum spp. (peat moss) may be present. Rare species that one may find in Forested Seeps include Spiranthes spp. (ladies’-tresses), Bartonia texana (Texas screwstem), Parnassia asarifolia (kidney-leaf grass-of-Parnassus), and Burmannia biflora (northern bluethread). Brooks et al. (1993) described a northern type of this community which occurs primarily north of southern Angelina County as well as a southern type which, among other differences, contains Cyrilla racemiflora (swamp titi). Well known examples of baygalls can be found in the Big Thicket National Preserve in the Jack Gore Baygall Unit, and along Village Creek (Watson 1975). IRREGULARLY FLOODED LEVEES AND BOTTOMLAND RIDGES—On the higher and drier portions of the broad floodplains of major rivers, such as crowns of natural levees, meander scrolls, and other slightly elevated areas, a plant community similar to that found on Wet-Mesic Stream Bottoms develops. Soils, often sandy, are usually coarser in texture than soils on the rest of the floodplain because floodwaters deposit the coarse portion of their sediment load on the natural levees first when they overflow the riverbank and lose velocity (Mitsch & Gosselink 1993). Flood duration is shorter and flood frequency lower than for the adjacent lower portions of the floodplain (see Van Kley & Hine 1998). The hydrologic regime is “irregularly inundated” (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1987) and corresponds to hydrologic Zone V of Clark and Benforndo (1981). Typical plants include mesic and moderately flood-tolerant species such as Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Quercus nigra (water oak), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Q. alba (white oak), Q. pagoda (cherry-bark oak), and occasionally, Q. falcata (southern red oak). “Canebrakes,” thickets of Arundinaria gigantea (giant cane or switch cane), are common. SEASONALLY FLOODED RIVER FLOODPLAINS—Seasonally Flooded River Floodplains, the most extensive ecological type on most bottomland landscapes, occupies the broad flat portions of the floodplains of major rivers (Fig. 61). These communities correspond to the “sweetgum-oak floodplains” of Ajilvsgi (1979), “Floodplain hardwood forests” of Marks and Harcombe (1981), and “river bottom communities” of Nixon (2000). The hydrologic regime largely corresponds to Zone IV (Clark & Benforndo 1981), which is described as “seasonally inundated” (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1987), while lower Quercus lyrata (overcup oak)-dominated areas correspond to the “regularly flooded” hydrologic Zone III. Soils, subject to seasonal flooding, are generally loamy to clayey. Natural forests are a rich mixture of flood-tolerant deciduous hardwoods, including Quercus phellos (willow oak), Q. laurifolia (laurel oak), Q. lyrata, Q. michauxii (swamp chestnut oak), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Ulmus americana (American elm), Nyssa biflora (swamp tupelo), and Acer rubrum (red maple). Overcup oak is the most flood-tolerant of the bottomland oaks and may form pure stands on lower portions of the floodplain and in slight depressions where flooding is more prevalent. Ilex decidua (deciduous holly), Styrax americana (American snowbell), and Crataegus opaca (mayhaw) are common understory shrubs. Ground cover
104 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION <strong>OF</strong> PINEYWOODS FIG.61/SEASONALLY FLOODED RIVER FLOODPLAIN,ANGELINA RIVER,STEPHEN F. AUSTIN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST,NACOGDOCHES CO.(PHOTO BY JVK). may be sparse, especially in the absence of openings in the normally dense canopy, but important species include Boehmeria cylindrica (false nettle), Carex joorii (cypress swamp sedge), Rhynchospora corniculata (beak sedge), and Justicia ovata (water willow), while Saururus cernuus (lizard’s-tail) occurs in wetter areas. Brunnichia ovata (American buckwheatvine) is common as small, non-flowering individuals under the canopy but may form dense tangles along with Mikania scandens (climbing hempweed) in openings. SEMI-PERMANENTLY FLOODED SWAMPS—Swamps are the lowest, wettest portions of floodplains and are generally flooded for much or all of an average growing season (Fig. 62). Their hydrologic regime is described as “semipermanently inundated” (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1987) and corresponds to Zone II of Clark and Benforndo (1981). Natural communities that develop in swamps are also known as “cypress tupelo forest” (Marks & Harcombe 1981). Swamps form in old stream channels and oxbows and other floodplain depressions. They also form in any other situation that creates areas of shallow, impounded waters, such as log jams (which initially formed Caddo Lake), beaver activity, or dam construction. At Caddo Lake in northeastern Texas, swamp vegetation was associated with plots that were below the normal pool elevation of the lake (Van Kley & Hine 1998). In many Pineywoods swamps, Planera aquatica (water elm) dominates seasonally-exposed, shallow-water sites where Fraxinus caroliniana (Carolina ash), Salix nigra (black willow), and Taxodium distichum (bald-cypress) may also be present. In deeper-water swamplands, with water up to 2 m deep, T. distichum dominates, along with Nyssa aquatica (water tupelo) in the southern and eastern portions of the Pineywoods. Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail), Cabomba caroliniana (fanwort), Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla, an invasive exotic), Lemna spp. (duckweeds), Spirodela polyrhiza (duckmeat), Wolffia columbiana (water meal), and Nuphar advena (yellow pond-lily) are
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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174 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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