ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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G4 = more than 100 occurrences known, apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery G5 = demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range GH = of historical occurrence throughout its range, i.e., formerly part of the established biota, with expectation that it may be rediscovered STATE RANK S1 = fewer than 6 occurrences known in Texas; critically imperiled in Texas; especially vulnerable to extirpation from the state S2 = 6–20 known occurrences in Texas; imperiled in the state because of rarity; very vulnerable to extirpation from the state S3 = 21–100 known occurrences in Texas; either rare or uncommon in the state S4 = more than 100 occurrences in Texas; apparently secure in the state, though it may be quite rare in some areas of the state S5 = demonstrably secure in Texas SH = historical in Texas, not verified within the past 50 years but suspected to be extant SR =reported from Texas in literature but not verified via specimens or field observations SX =presumed extirpated from Texas A global or state rank followed by “Q” indicates that the taxonomic status of the plant is a matter of conjecture. A rank followed by “?” indicates that the rank is not certain. A “T” subrank following a global rank denotes the rank for subspecific taxa. Two G or S ranks together (G2G3, S1S2, etc.) indicate that the plant is borderline between the ranks. All state and most global ranks are assigned by the Texas Conservation Data Center (2003). Other designations are provided as follows (from Poole et al. 2002): FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS (ACCORDING TO THE UNITED STATES FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE): LE = federally listed as an endangered plant LT = federally listed as a threatened plant PE = proposed to become listed as endangered PT = proposed to become listed as threatened C1 = category 1 candidate for listing as threatened or endangered SOC = species of concern 3B = no longer considered taxonomically valid 3C = no longer under federal review for listing; either more abundant or widespread than was previously thought DL = de-listed STATE LEGAL STATUS (according to the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department) E = listed as a state endangered plant T = listed as a state threatened plant INFORMATION ON ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS GUIDE TO ILLUSTRATIONS, PHOTOGRAPHS/INTRODUCTION 21 The more than approximately 1,000 line-drawing illustrations in volume 1 and the estimated more than 2,000 to be published in volumes 2 and 3 have been obtained from a variety of sources in the botanical literature dating back to the 1500s (e.g., Fuchs 1542). We thank the appropriate individuals or organizations for allowing their use. Thirty-one illustrations are published in volume 1 for the first time. Twenty-eight of these were produced by Linny Heagy, two by Robert George, and one by Anne Hollingworth for all those East Texas species
22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY, REFERENCES, LITERATURE CITED either not previously illustrated or for which suitable illustrations could not be found. Further, a number of illustrations are published here for only the second time, having been presented previously in Shinners & Mahler’s Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas (Diggs et al. 1999). These include drawings of Cyperaceae done by Brenda Mahler and Jessica Procter (as part of B. Lipscomb’s research on that family) and a number of drawings done decades ago by the late Eula Whitehouse, David Wagnon, Pat Mueller, and unknown SMU students. These illustrations, preserved in the archives at BRIT, were made for Lloyd Shinners, whose untimely death prevented publication of his planned Flora of North Central Texas. Finally, Linny Heagy produced 226 original drawings for the Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas. Beneath each illustration is the scientific name of the plant represented. The name is followed by a code in brackets indicating the source of the illustration. A list of illustration sources with codes is given in Appendix 1. Because all species are illustrated, reference to illustrations is not made in the text. Illustrations are located as close to the taxonomic descriptions as possible and in general are located after the taxonomic descriptions. The 194 color photographs are arranged alphabetically by genus and are grouped together in plates. Following the common name of each species and the page number of its description, a three letter code is given to designate the photographer (listed here alphabetically): [PMB] = Paul Martin Brown, [GHB*] = George H. Bruso, [WLC] = Scooter Cheatham, [BRC]=Ben R. Cox, [JAC]=J. Andrew Crosthwaite, [GMD] = George M. Diggs, [NGF*] = Norman G. Flaigg, [HAG] = Heinz A. Gaylord, [RJG] = Robert J. George, [SGJ] = Stanley & Gretchen Jones, [ELK] = Eric L. Keith, [JAL] = Joe A. Liggio, [CLL*] = Campbell & Lynn Loughmiller, [RJO] = Robert J. O’Kennon, [SLO] = Steve L. Orzell, [JWS*] = Julia W. Sanders, [JVK] = James Van Kley, [AFV*] = Albert F.W. Vick, Jr., and [WCW] = W. C. Weatherby. Codes followed by an asterisk indicate that the photographs are used courtesy of the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. The symbol m/100 at the end of a species description indicates a color photograph is provided on that page number. As in the text, species not native to the U.S. are denoted by the symbol I. In order to provide a service for fellow educators, scientists, and interested individuals, the use of figures 1, 2, 3, 8, 41, 63, 68, 76, 176, 177, 178, and 183 does not require copyright permission. INFORMATION ON THE GLOSSARY The Glossary is reprinted from Diggs et al. (1999). It is modified from those of Shinners (1958) and Mahler (1988), with additional entries obtained or modified from a variety of sources including Lawrence (1951), Featherly (1954), Correll (1956), Gleason and Cronquist (1963, 1991), Radford et al. (1968), Correll and Johnston (1970), Gould (1975b), Lewis and Elvin-Lewis (1977), Benson (1979), Schmutz and Hamilton (1979), Fuller and McClintock (1986), Jones and Luchsinger (1986), Schofield (1986), Gandhi and Thomas (1989), Blackwell (1990), Isely (1990), Harris and Harris (1994), Spjut (1994), and Hickey and King (1997). The glossary is rather extensive and includes a number of terms not otherwise found in the book. This was done so that when using this work in conjunction with other taxonomic treatments, the meaning of obscure terms can be readily found. INFORMATION ON REFERENCES AND LITERATURE CITED The Literature Cited section contains bibliographic citations for all sources mentioned, including those listed immediately following family and generic synopses (e.g., REFERENCES: Wood 1958; Kral 1998). While an attempt was made to be as thorough as possible, the magnitude of the botanical literature makes complete coverage impossible. Therefore, the references given are intended to provide an entry point into the more detailed taxonomic literature and should not
Page 1 and 2: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
Page 3 and 4: ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
Page 5 and 6: We would like to recognize and expr
Page 7 and 8: ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
Page 9 and 10: “DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
Page 11 and 12: Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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Page 15 and 16: TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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