ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF EAST TEXAS FLORA/INTRODUCTION 223 the spread in Texas of a number of introduced species can be obtained by comparing their distributions as recorded by early maps, early published reports (e.g., Cory 1940, 1950b; Shinners 1948), or herbarium records, etc., with their current day distributions (e.g., Turner et al. 2003). EXOTICS IN EAST TEXAS Some exotic species are at the present time rapidly spreading in East Texas or have the potential to do so. For example, the offensive Carduus nutans subsp. macrocephalus, muskthistle or nodding-thistle, is each year becoming more abundant in the northwestern part of East Texas (e.g., Collin and Grayson counties). A possibly even more serious threat, Scabiosa atropurpurea, pincushions or sweet scabious, is currently taking over roadsides and adjacent areas in the northern part of East Texas (e.g., Collin and Dallas counties) and has the potential of becoming one of the most destructive invasive exotics in grassland habitats. A potentially economically devastating weed, Orobanche ramosa, branched broom-rape, is now spreading in the west central part of East Texas and is known from at least 22 counties (Texas Cooperative Extension 2003). Recently (2004), it was discovered as far north as Dallas County (J. Quayle, pers. comm.). It is apparently being spread widely by highway mowing equipment. This chlorophyll-less plant is a well known root parasite of agricultural crops and has the potential to have a significant economic impact in Texas. It is classified a federal noxious weed (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service 2002). Texas cities, too, are under attack. Cuscuta japonica, Japanese dodder, is a federal noxious weed currently known only from Houston (Harris County), but there is concern about its possible spread (Huber 2002). It is an aggressive parasitic vine which attacks a variety of woody plants and has the potential to have serious ecological and economic consequences if not eradicated. Troubling also are observations that a number of previously known introductions such as Rapistrum rugosum, annual bastard-cabbage, and Silene gallica, windmill-pink, are at present becoming noticeably more common, and other species once found primarily in southeast Texas have now spread further north (e.g., Trifolium resupinatum, reversed clover, and Youngia japonica, Japanese hawkweed). Nor are aquatic habitats exempt from the threat of exotic species. Hydrilla verticillata, hydrilla, is a serious pest which can completely dominate aquatic habitats, eliminating native species, clogging waterways, and severely curtailing recreational use (Steward et al. 1984; Flack & Furlow 1996). This federal noxious weed is rapidly spreading at present in East Texas (M. Smart, pers. comm.), probably from lake to lake via boats or boat trailers. It may also be intentionally spread by fishermen (L. Hartman, pers. comm.) to “improve” the habitat, which is both illegal and ill-advised since it ultimately degrades the fishery. Likewise, Salvinia molesta, giant salvinia, considered by some to be “one of the world’s worst weeds” (Jacono 1999c), is at present spreading in the eastern part of the state and “all reservoirs in East Texas are imminently threatened” (R. Helton, pers. comm.). Plants used in aquaria or water gardens are among the likely sources for the escaped populations. This species, which has a very rapid growth rate and the ability to form thick mats on the water surface, can cover lakes and streams, crowd out native plants, and cause physical problems by impeding boats and clogging water intakes (Jacono 1999a, 1999b, 1999c; Wood et al. 2001). It is listed as a federal noxious weed (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service 2002), and as such is prohibited in the U.S. by federal law. In fact, because of their potential as problematic invaders, seven aquatic species that occur in East Texas, Alternanthera philoxeroides, alligator-weed (Amaranthaceae); Eichhornia crassipes, common water-hyacinth (Pontederiaceae); Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae); Myriophyllum spicatum, Eurasian water-milfoil (Haloragaceae); Pistia stratiotes, water-lettuce (Araceae); Salvinia minima, common salvinia (Salviniaceae); and Salvinia molesta, giant salvinia, are considered “harmful or potentially harmful exotic plants,” and it is illegal to release, import, sell, purchase, propagate, or possess them in the state (Harvey 1998).
224 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF EAST TEXAS FLORA The alien taxa now naturalized in East Texas are from nearly all parts of the world (e.g., Bromus catharticus, rescue grass, from South America; Chenopodium pumilio, ridged goosefoot, from Australia; Eragrostis curvula, weeping love grass, from Africa; Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songarica, King Ranch bluestem, from Asia; Orobanche ramosa, branched broom-rape, from Europe) and have arrived in East Texas via assorted ways. However, most introduced weeds in eastern North America, including many in East Texas, are from central and western Europe. It is thought that many weedy colonizing species evolved in Europe over thousands of years as humans disturbed and modified the environment for agricultural purposes; these TABLE 2/ INTRODUCED SPECIES RECENTLY REPORTED FOR EAST TEXAS (AND TEXAS). SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME REFERENCE Alstroemeria pulchella parrot-lily E. Keith, pers. comm. 2004 Alternanthera sessilis sessile joy weed Brown & Marcus 1998 Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernal grass W. Holmes, pers. comm. 2003 Ardisia crenata hen’s-eyes Singhurst et al. 1997 (Myrsinaceae, a new family for Texas) Cardamine debilis roadside bittercress Brown & Marcus 1998 Carthamus tinctorius safflower Diggs et al. 1999 Cerastium pumilum dwarf mouse-ear chickweed Rabeler & Reznicek 1997 Cerastium brachypetalum gray chickweed Diggs et al. 1999 Chaenorrhinum minus dwarf snapdragon Diggs et al. 1997 Cryptocoryne beckettii water-trumpet Rosen 2000 Cuscuta japonica Japanese dodder Huber 2002 Cuscuta polygonorum smartweed dodder Brown & Marcus 1998 Cynosurus echinatus bristly dog-tail grass Thomas 2002 Dimorphotheca sinuata cape-marigold Keith 2004 Dipsacus fullonum fuller’s teasel Singhurst & Holmes 2001a Glaucium corniculatum red horned-poppy Kirkpatrick & Williams 1998 Hovenia dulcis Chinese raisin tree Goldman 1998b Hypochaeris glabra smooth cat’s-ear Diggs et al. 1997; Brown & Elsik 2002 Hyptis mutabilis tropical bush-mint Brown & Elsik 2002 Imperata cylindrical cogon grass Van Loan et al. 2002 Lactuca saligna willow-leaf lettuce O’Kennon et al. 1998; Turner et al. 2002 Lilium philippinense Philippine lily Brown & Elsik 2002; L. Brown, pers. comm. 2003 Linaria maroccana Moroccan toadflax M. Reed, pers. obs. 2003 Linaria vulgaris toad-flax Turner et al. 2003 Lindernia crustacea Malaysian false pimpernel Brown & Marcus 1998 Linum grandiflorum flowering flax M. Reed, pers. obs. 2003 Luziola peruviana Peruvian water grass Hatch et al. 1998 Lycianthes asarifolia bitter ginger-leaf Reed & Ketchersid 1998 Orobanche ramosa branched broom-rape Texas Cooperative Extension 2003; first collected 1997 Polygonum meisnerianum var. beyrichianum branched tear-thumb Brown & Marcus 1998 Raphanus raphanistrum wild radish Brown & Elsik 2002 Salvinia molesta giant salvinia Jacono 1999c Silene conoidea conoid catchfly Reed 2004 Solanum viarum tropical soda-apple Reed et al. 2004 Stellaria pallida lesser chickweed Rabeler & Reznicek 1997 Stellaria parva pygmy starwort Brown & Marcus 1998 Themeda triandra kangaroo grass T. Wendt, pers. comm. (collected 1997) Thymelaea passerina mezereon Holmes et al. 2000 (Thymelaeaceae, a new family for Texas) Vicia grandiflora large yellow-flowered vetch Singhurst et al. 2002 Vicia lutea smooth yellow vetch Neill 1999 Zinnia violacea youth-and-old-age Keith 2004
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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