ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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BOTANICAL ART IN EAST TEXAS/INTRODUCTION 259 BOTANICAL ART IN EAST TEXAS Botanical art has a rich history stretching back thousands of years to the early Egyptians and even before. Since plants were such an important contributor to the development of human civilization, it is not surprising that they were among the earliest subjects of artistic expression. After the invention of the printing press, the first books concerning plants were the herbals, which were works primarily about medicinal plants. While the earliest herbals were merely copies of ancient manuscripts from the early Greeks (e.g., Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica, written about 60 A.D.), by the sixteenth century, botanists had begun to study living plants, and the illustrations in herbals had become increasingly accurate. The oldest illustration included in the Illustrated Flora of East Texas (of Zea mays, corn, in the Poaceae; see p. 1105) is from such an herbal, De Historia Stirpium. This work was published in 1542 by Leonhard Fuchs, who used living plants for his illustrations (Snyder 2001). Since that time, a wealth of excellent botanical art has been produced, including the category frequently referred to as botanical illustration (for further information see Holmgren & Angell 1986; Blunt 1994; West 1996; Saunders 1995; de Bray 2001). According to Snyder (2001), “The primary goal of botanical illustration is not art, but scientific accuracy. It must portray a plant with the precision and level of detail for it to be recognized and distinguished from another species.” Thus, botanical “art” and botanical “illustration,” while in many ways synonymous or overlapping, can have quite different goals. Nonetheless, botanical illustration is indeed art in the best sense of that word. Numerous botanical artists and illustrators have used the rich flora of East Texas in their works of art. Beginning with the earliest collections of East Texas plants by European botanists (Jean Louis Berlandier, Thomas Drummond) in the late 1820s and early 1830s, artists had access to East Texas plants. Most of the early collections were sent to European botanists, such as Alphonse de Candolle and Sir William Jackson Hooker, who commissioned paintings and illustrations for their scientific publications. A good example of an East Texas plant drawn for a scientific work is the painting of Lupinus texensis (Texas bluebonnet) (Fig. 159) published by W.J. Hooker in 1836 in Curtis’ Botanical Magazine. While the identity of the artist is not absolutely certain, the bluebonnet painting was probably by Walter Hood Fitch (Hemsley 1915), one of the finest and most prolific botanical illustrators of all time. Fitch drew over 2,700 illustrations for Curtis’ Botanical Magazine and during his lifetime produced a total of about 12,000 drawings and diagrams (Hemsley 1915; Desmond 1992; Lewis 1992). While it is beyond the scope of this work to fully cover botanical art in East Texas, a few of the Texas artists and illustrators with which we are familiar are mentioned below, and examples of their art are provided if available. Those still working in Texas are listed first, followed by those of the past. Probably the two best known contemporary botanical artists/illustrators depicting East Texas plants are Linny Heagy and Bruce Lyndon Cunningham. LINNY HEAGY (commercial arts degree, John Herron Art Institute of Indiana University) (see Fig. 160), professional artist, illustrator, and graphic designer, has worked extensively on Texas plants. For Shinners & Mahler’s Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas she created 226 original line drawings, painted the art for the dust jacket and the frontispiece, and served as creative director/art director for the whole volume. Likewise, for this Illustrated Flora of
260 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN EAST TEXAS FIG. 160/ PAINTING OF DODECATHEON MEADIA (COMMON SHOOTING-STAR,PRIMULACEAE) BY LINNY HEAGY.USED WITH PERMISSION OF THE ARTIST.
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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Page 225 and 226: 208 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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Page 271 and 272: 254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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