ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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CLIMATE OF EAST TEXAS/INTRODUCTION 67 Mean annual temperature in East Texas varies from nearly 70° F (21° C) in the south (Bexar, DeWitt, and Wilson counties) to about 64° F (18° C) in the north (along the Red River) (Griffiths & Orton 1968) (Fig. 35), but temperatures of 0° F (-18° C) and 110° F (43° C) are occasionally seen in winter and summer respectively, with even more extreme readings rarely observed. The highest East Texas temperature reading, 118° F (48° C), was recorded for McKinney in Collin County in 1936 (Bomar 1995). Some parts of East Texas and adjacent areas have recently experienced their hottest temperatures ever—an example is the all-time record of 112° F (44.4° C) set in College Station on September 4, 2000 (National Weather Service 2000). Other September 2000 records include Austin at 112° F, San Antonio at 111° F (43.8° C), and Houston at 109° F (42.7° C) (National Weather Service 2000, 2003c). Dallas- Fort Worth, at the western margin of the area, apparently has the East Texas record for number of days with a temperature of 100° F (38° C) or above, experiencing 69 such days in the heat wave of 1980 (D. Finfrock, pers. comm.). The coldest temperatures recorded in East Texas include -13° F (-25° C) (Paris) and -8° F (-22° C) (Tyler), both in the unusually cold winter of 1899 (Bomar 1995). In fact, virtually all of East Texas, even the southernmost parts, has experienced temperatures as low as 5° F (-15° C)—for example, during the historic cold waves of 1889 and 1989 (Bomar 1995). The mean length of the frost-free period in the area is given in Figure 36. Native vegetation has therefore evolved with, and is adapted to, such recurrent extremes. A good example of the different effects of extreme weather on native versus introduced plants occurred in December of 1983. During that prolonged, intense cold spell, introduced landscape plants in the northwestern parts of East Texas suffered extensive damage, while most native plants were not adversely affected. However, even native plants can be damaged under exceptional circumstances. An example is the phenomenon known as false spring. As discussed by Stahle (1990) and Stahle and Cleaveland (1995), a false spring episode includes FIG.36/MEAN LENGTH (IN DAYS) OF FROST-FREE PERIOD FOR TEXAS (ADAPTED FROM GRIFFITHS & ORTON [1968] BY HATCH ET AL.[1990]).
68 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEXAS late winter warmth followed by the movement of polar or arctic air into southern regions. A good example was the unseasonably late freeze on the night of 11–12 April 1997. Following a period of relatively warm weather, temperatures dropped to substantially below freezing over a large part of the northwestern part of East Texas and adjacent North Central Texas. For example, a low of 22° F (-55° C) was recorded for a native habitat (Garnett Preserve) in Montague County (H. Garnett, pers. comm.). The result was substantial damage to the young foliage of many native species and in some cases nearly complete defoliation. Some of the natives significantly damaged in Grayson County include Berchemia scandens (supple-jack), Cercis canadensis (redbud), Diospyros virginiana (common persimmon), Fraxinus americana (white ash), Gleditsia triacanthos (common honey-locust), Morus rubra (red mulberry), Platanus occidentalis (sycamore), Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak), Quercus marilandica (blackjack oak), Quercus muehlenbergii (chestnut oak), Quercus shumardii (Shumard’s red oak), Quercus stellata (post oak), and Rhus glabra (smooth sumac). Effects on native oaks at Hagerman National Wildlife Area (Grayson County) were serious enough that leaf damage was still obvious at a glance in late May (G. Diggs, pers. obs.). The intense subfreezing temperatures cause widespread damage to cultivated crops as well as native plant species which have begun spring growth prematurely triggered by the unusually mild winter temperatures. Forty-four major false spring episodes have been documented in Texas between 1650 and 1980 (Stahle 1990; Stahle & Cleaveland 1995). Such historical events can be studied because frost-damaged cambial tissues leave a permanent record in the annual growth rings of trees, and these can be dated dendrochronologically (i.e., via tree-ring dating) to the exact year of their formation. These distinctively damaged annual rings, known as “frost rings” have been studied in post oak and white oak trees and “can be microscopically identified by specific anatomical features only associated with freeze damage” (Stahle & FIG.37/MEAN ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION (IN INCHES) FOR TEXAS (ADAPTED FROM GRIFFITHS & ORTON [1968] BY HATCH ET AL.[1990]).
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
Page 33 and 34: 16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
Page 35 and 36: 18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
Page 37 and 38: 20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
Page 39 and 40: 22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
Page 41 and 42: 24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
Page 43 and 44: 26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
Page 45 and 46: 28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
Page 47 and 48: 30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
Page 49 and 50: 32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
Page 63 and 64: 46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
Page 65 and 66: 48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
Page 67 and 68: 50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
Page 77 and 78: 60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
Page 83: 66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
Page 87 and 88: 70 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Page 95 and 96: 78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
Page 97 and 98: 80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
Page 105 and 106: 88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
Page 107 and 108: 90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
Page 123 and 124: 106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
Page 125 and 126: 108 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
Page 127 and 128: 110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
Page 129 and 130: 112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
Page 131 and 132: 114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
Page 133 and 134: 116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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126 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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