ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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Wilbarger WICHITA FALLS Baylor Archer Coleman Kimble Throckmorton Shackelford Callahan McCulloch Mason Llano Kerr Bandera Brown Clay Gillespie Blanco Medina Frio Wichita Young Stephens Eastland San Saba Comanche Mills Kendall Bexar Jack Palo Pinto SAN ANTONIO Atascosa La Salle McMullen Erath Lampasas Hamilton Burnet Comal Montague Parker Hood Wise Somervell Coryell Bosque Bell Travis AUSTIN Hays 0 0 Guadalupe Wilson Karnes Cooke Grayson Denton Collin Tarrant Dallas Johnson Williamson Caldwell 50 100 150 200 Kilometers 50 100 Miles FT. W ORTH Hill McLennan WACO TEMPLE Gonzales Bastrop Goliad Dewitt Falls Milam Lee Live Oak Bee Refugio Oklahoma SHERMAN DALLAS Ellis Fayette Lavaca Victoria Rockwall Navarro Limestone Robertson Calhoun BLACKLAND PRAIRIE/INTRODUCTION 131 Blacklands undergoes a shift in direction, turning from north-south to east-west, before ending near Clarksville in Red River County. Topographically, the Blackland Prairie is a nearly level to gently rolling dissected plain (Hallmark 1993); elevations range from about 300 to 800 feet (92 to 244 meters) above sea level (Thomas 1962). In this work we use the terms Blackland Prairie and Blacklands interchangeably. Fannin Washington Hunt Freestone Leon Waller Rains Grimes Lamar Delta Kaufman Van Zandt BRYAN Brazos Burleson Colorado Jackson Austin Wharton Henderson Madison Matagorda PARIS Hopkins Anderson Wood Walker Fort Bend Franklin TYLER Smith Houston HUNTSVILLE Montgomery Red River Titus Camp Cherokee Harris Brazoria Upshur Trinity Gregg San Jacinto HOUSTON Rusk Bowie TEXARKANA Polk Galveston Morris N Liberty Cass Marion Nacogdoches Harrison NACOGDOCHES Angelina Panola Tyler Hardin Chambers Gulf of Mexico Shelby San Augustine Arkansas Jasper Louisiana Sabine Newton Orange BEAUMONT Jefferson PORT ARTHUR GALVESTON FIG.76/GENERALIZED MAP OF THE BLACKLAND PRAIRIE VEGETATIONAL AREA.FIGURE PRODUCED BY BRIT/AUSTIN COLLEGE; REPRODUCTION OF THIS IMAGE DOES NOT REQUIRE COPYRIGHT PERMISSION.
132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLAND PRAIRIE GEOLOGY OF THE BLACKLAND PRAIRIE The main belt of the Blackland Prairie is on an erosional landscape developed from easily erodible Upper Cretaceous shales, marls, and limestones that dip gently to the east (Hayward & Yelderman 1991). It originally consisted of four somewhat different parallel north-south bands of vegetation: the Eagle Ford Prairie, the Whiterock Prairie, the Taylor Black Prairie, and the Eastern Transitional Prairie. These all correspond to underlying geologic layers (Hayward & Yelderman 1991). The two outlying areas of Blackland Prairie to the southeast of the main belt, the San Antonio Prairie and the Fayette Prairie, developed on younger Tertiary sediments and likewise reflect the influence of geology on vegetation. The westernmost and geologically oldest portion of the Blackland Prairie, known as the Eagle Ford Prairie, developed on the Eagle Ford Shale, Upper Cretaceous material deposited about 92 to 90 million years ago (Hayward & Yelderman 1991). This layer crops out just east of the Woodbine Sand, on which the East Cross Timbers are found. While variable, the Eagle Ford Shale is principally a dark bluish-gray to nearly black shaly clay (Bullard 1931) that weathers to form black vertisol soils supporting prairie vegetation. Outcropping to the east of the Eagle Ford Shale is the slightly younger Austin Chalk, deposited about 90 to 85 million years ago. This layer, which supports the Whiterock Prairie, forms the elevated backbone or “axis” of the Blacklands (Hayward & Yelderman 1991). It is a strikingly white, very fine-grained limestone, called chalk, made primarily of millions of calcium carbonate cell walls of tiny marine algae and foraminiferans but with substantial amounts of clay. Somewhat similar deposits make up the famous white cliffs of Dover in southern England and can be used to write with like blackboard chalk (which is actually calcium sulfate [gypsum]). The Austin Chalk is a relatively resistant, hard layer (Dallas Petroleum Geologists 1941) compared to the surrounding shales, and because of this hardness, it forms a rather conspicuous escarpment from Sherman to Dallas and south to Austin. This topographic feature is sometimes referred to as the “white rock escarpment,” “white rock scarp,” (Hill 1901) or “white rock cuesta,” and although it never exceeds 200 feet in elevational difference from the surrounding terrain (usually much less), it is the most conspicuous topographic feature in the Texas Blacklands (Hill 1901; Montgomery 1993). It typically crops out as a west-facing bluff or escarpment overlooking a prairie formed on the less resistant Eagle Ford Shale (Bullard 1931). In striking contrast to the numerous resistant layers of the Grand Prairie, the Austin Chalk is the only resistant, escarpment-forming layer underlying the entire Blackland Prairie. As a result, most of the Blackland Prairie is gently rolling, in contrast to the sharper, more angular topography of the Grand Prairie (Hill 1901) to the west. Surprisingly, the extremely white Austin Chalk weathers to form a sticky black soil (Fig. 29 on page 60), typically thinner than, but similar to, that derived from the Eagle Ford Shale (Bullard 1931). Both Vertisols and Mollisols can be found on areas of Austin Chalk. Where this soil is eroded away, as on stream banks, a distinctive flora can be found on the exposed chalky limestone (see description under vegetation). Despite their biological diversity, these exposed chalky areas are of little commercial value and are thus often destroyed by contouring or other types of “remediation.” The layers that crop out to the east of the Austin Chalk are the Taylor marls and sandy marls, laid down about 79 to 72 million years ago. The Taylor Blacklands, the largest of the four Blackland Prairie belts, occurs on the soils derived from these rocks (Hill 1901; Hayward & Yelderman 1991). In fact, Taylor sediments underlie about two-thirds of the total Blackland Prairie (Hill 1901). The soils developed on Taylor rocks are the classic deep, rich, calcareous, heavy clay, “black waxy” vertisol soils that were formerly so valuable for cotton production.
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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182 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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