ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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CURRENT VEGETATION <strong>OF</strong> PINEYWOODS/INTRODUCTION 97 sundew) and Sarracenia alata (pitcher plant). Eriocaulon decangulare (ten-angle pipewort), Sabatia gentianoides (pinewoods rosegentian), Helianthus angustifolius (swamp sunflower), and Sphagnum spp. (peat mosses) may also be found. Rare and sensitive species sometimes present include Calopogon tuberosus (grass pink), Pogonia ophioglossoides (snake-mouth orchid), Platanthera integra (yellow fringeless orchid), and Rudbeckia scabrifolia (bog coneflower). Herbaceous seeps are rare as a result of the loss of longleaf pine woodlands, fire suppression, and the lack of suitable soils and hydrology in many areas. Good remaining examples exist in the southern part of the Angelina National Forest. WET PINE SAVANNAHS—Also called “wetland pine savannas” (Marks & Harcombe 1981; Harcombe et al. 1993), “pine flatwoods,” “longleaf-blackgum savannahs” (Ajilvsgi 1979), and “pine savannah wetlands” (Watson 1975), these are longleaf pine communities characteristic of poorly drained fine-sandy loams on nearly flat topography. They are found along the southern edge of the Pineywoods closest to the Gulf of Mexico. According to Bridges and Orzell (1989b), “Two major natural forces interact to produce this community—a fluctuating, seasonally high water table and frequent, low-intensity ground fires. The fluctuating water table naturally inhibits the range of tree and shrub species that can occupy the site, while the periodic fires eliminate species tolerant of wetland conditions.” Sedges (especially Rhynchospora and Scleria spp.) dominate, along with Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem). Drosera brevifolia (annual sundew) may be abundant, but Sarracenia alata (pitcher plant) and Sphagnum mosses are less common than in Herbaceous Seeps (Harcombe et al. 1993). Like all longleaf pine communities, Wet Pine Savannahs have become increasingly rare in the absence of regular fires. They have become overgrown with woody plants and converted to closed canopy forests of Nyssa sylvatica (black-gum), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Acer rubrum (red maple), Magnolia virginiana (sweetbay magnolia), and lowland oaks. Examples occur in the Big Thicket National Preserve (Ajilvsgi 1979; Marks & Harcombe 1981). According to MacRoberts and MacRoberts (2001), the Preserve probably has the best remaining areas of this community in the entire West Gulf Coastal Plain. Today less than one percent of the pre-European pine savannahs in southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana remain as the result of various anthropogenic activities including timbering, farming, urban sprawl, and fire suppression (MacRoberts & MacRoberts 2000). CLAYEY DRY-MESIC UPLANDS—Soils supporting this vegetation type are clayey almost to the surface, with only a very thin loam topsoil. Often the clays have shrink-swell properties. The soils may be saturated during wet periods because of slow percolation, but once dry, water infiltrates slowly and drought conditions occur. On most landscapes these sites are rare, the clayey soil conditions occurring as isolated inclusions on an otherwise loamy or sandy landscape. Trees are often crooked or stunted and may have root damage from shrinking and swelling of clays. Natural sites develop a mixed overstory of Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine), P. taeda (loblolly pine), Quercus stellata (post oak), and Q. marilandica (blackjack oak). Fine-textured soils historically favored hardwoods over pines, and many such sites were probably oak-dominated even in presettlement times. Common shrubs are Callicarpa americana (American beauty-berry), Ilex vomitoria (yaupon), Crataegus marshallii (parsley hawthorn), and Forestiera ligustrina (upland swamp privet). A variety of ground layer species, most of which are also common on other mesic and dry-mesic sites, occurs. Trachelospermum difforme (climbing dogbane), Chasmanthium sessiliflorum (narrow-leaf wood-oats), and Scleria oligantha (little-head nutrush) tend to be abundant. The Redlands area near Nacogdoches is an example of such an area (Roberts 1881; Chambers 1941). CLAYEY WET UPLAND DEPRESSIONS—These sites usually occur as isolated inclusions in most landscapes. They form in slight depressions or flats on broad uplands with poorly-formed drainage patterns and clayey or slowly permeable soils. A seasonally high water table develops near the surface in most years, resulting in vegetation that more resembles that
98 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION <strong>OF</strong> PINEYWOODS of river floodplains than that of the surrounding uplands. Quercus phellos (willow oak), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), and Crataegus opaca (mayhaw) are particularly important. Good examples occur in the northern Angelina National Forest and in parts of the Davy Crockett National Forest. Marks and Harcombe (1981) described a “flatland hardwood forest” from the southwestern corner of the Pineywoods—possibly related to the “palmetto oak flats” of Ajilvsgi (1979) or the “palmetto hardwood flats” of Watson (1975)—with a species composition similar to that of Clayey Wet Upland Depressions, but which apparently occurs as larger patches on the landscape in flat, poorly drained areas. BARRENS,PRAIRIES, AND GLADES—Although forest vegetation develops in the absence of disturbance in most Pineywoods ecosystems, a variety of localized herbaceous-dominated communities exist where unusual soil properties inhibit woody plants. Soils are often clayey or shallow to bedrock, and are sometimes calcareous. Species not common in most natural Pineywoods habitats, such as Dalea compacta (compact prairie-clover), Callirhoe papaver (winecup), Bouteloua rigidiseta (Texas grama), Eustoma russellianum (showy prairie gentian), and Euphorbia bicolor (snow-on-the-prairie), may be found on some of these sites. Often there are rare or sensitive species such as Schoenolirion wrightii (Texas sunnybell), which occurs on “barrens” associated with the Catahoula Formation in the southern Angelina National Forest (Marietta & Nixon 1984). “Prairies” on calcareous, clayey, shrink-swell soils occur in Sam Houston National Forest, the Big Thicket region, and in Louisiana (Ajilvsgi 1979; MacRoberts & MacRoberts 1997b, 2004d; Brown et al. 2002b). MacRoberts and MacRoberts (2004d) reviewed the literature on prairies of the West Gulf Coastal Plain, including the Pineywoods of East Texas. A recent study by Brown et al. (2002b) of Windham Prairie in Polk County describes a good example. This small (2–3 hectares) area is apparently maintained at least in part by special edaphic conditions—the soil, derived from the Fleming Formation, is a gravelly, thin, well-drained calcareous clay with a high shrink-swell potential and slow permeability (McEwen et al. 1987; Brown et al. 2002b). Many species rare or unusual in the Pineywoods are known from this prairie (Brown et al. 2002b) including Acacia angustissima var. hirta (prairie wattle), Allium stellatum (autumn onion), Carex microdonta (little-tooth sedge), Grindelia lanceolata (narrow-leaf gumweed), Liatris mucronata (cusp gayfeather), Penstemon cobaea (cobaea beardtongue), and Rudbeckia missouriensis (Missouri orange-coneflower). Brown et al. (2002b) make the point that Windham Prairie shows strong affinities to the “upper clay/clay loam sections of the Fayette Prairie” and “also to the upland section of the Coastal Prairie.” Other herbaceous-dominated communities in the Pineywoods include sandstone glades associated with the Catahoula Formation (MacRoberts & MacRoberts 1993b) and glades characteristic of outcrops of the Weches Formation between Nacogdoches and San Augustine. These Weches outcrop communities (Fig. 28 on page 57) or “Glauconite shale glades” (Bezanson 2000), which include the rare white bladderpod (Lesquerella pallida) and Texas golden gladecress (Leavenworthia aurea var. texana), occur on rocky Trawick soils (George & Nixon 1990). No extant examples of “saline prairies” as described by Loughbridge (1880) are known in the Pineywoods, even though saline wetlands (associated with a salt dome) are known from northeastern Van Zandt County in the Post Oak Savannah just west of the Pineywoods. MESIC LOWER SLOPES AND TERRACES—Also known as “Mesic uplands” (Nixon 2000), “beechhardwood forest” (MacRoberts & MacRoberts 1997a), “lower slope hardwood pine forests” (Marks & Harcombe 1981), “beech-magnolia-loblolly slopes” (Ajilvsgi 1979), and “beechmagnolia-loblolly pine forests” (Watson 1975), these communities develop on lower slopes adjacent to rivers and streams, on steep slopes, and on the higher, inactive terraces of some rivers. In these areas, there is a strong tendency for hardwood-dominated forests (Figs. 56, 57) to develop in the absence of logging and other disturbances. Steep slopes and proximity
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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174 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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