ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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FIG.62/ SEMI-PERMANENTLY FLOODED SWAMP,CADDO LAKE,MARION CO.(PHOTO BY JVK). CURRENT VEGETATION OF PINEYWOODS/INTRODUCTION 105 among the floating and submersed plants, especially under canopy gaps. Cephalanthus occidentalis (button bush) and Triadenum walteri (marsh St. John’s-wort) commonly grow on stumps and logs and in shallow-water areas. MARSHES—Marshes are non-forested wetlands dominated by herbaceous vegetation (Mitsch & Gosselink 1993). If left undisturbed, most eastern Texas wetlands would eventually succeed to forest (swamps). Many marshes are temporary communities of the semi-Permanently Flooded Swamp ecological type, resulting from human activities or from natural processes such as riverbank erosion and sedimentation, oxbow creation, beaver activity, and windthrow. Marsh vegetation is also common along the edges of the numerous artificial reservoirs in eastern Texas. Sedges (Cyperaceae), grasses (for example Zizaniopsis miliacea, marsh millet and Leersia oryzoides, rice cut grass), and rushes (e.g., Juncus effusus, common rush) tend to dominate areas of wet soil and shallow water. Typha spp. (cattail) may also form dense stands in shallow areas. Cephalanthus occidentalis (buttonbush) is an important shrub in most nonforested or partially shaded wetlands. Deeper areas support emergent plants such as Sagittaria platyphylla (delta arrowhead), while the deepest areas contain floating and submersed species, including Ludwigia peploides (floating primrose willow), Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail), Cabomba caroliniana (fanwort), Lemnaceae spp. (duckweeds), Nelumbo lutea (American lotus), and Nuphar advena (yellow pond-lily). Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla), an invasive exotic species, dominates the shallows of many local reservoirs. HUMAN-DOMINATED ECOSYSTEMS—Much of the Pineywoods is under varying degrees of human influence, and vegetation may only partially or minimally reflect the potential natural plant communities as described above—although in the absence of continued disturbance, sites
106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH may revert to their potential natural communities. The many forms of human land management have produced a wide array of human-modified plant communities. Roadsides, maintained by mowing, often include a variety of planted wildflowers only occasionally encountered in natural Pineywoods habitats. Oenothera speciosa (showy evening-primrose), Callirhoe papaver (poppy mallow), Coreopsis lanceolata (lance-leaved coreopsis), and Lupinus spp. (bluebonnet) are common. Cut-over forests, in the absence of silvicultural site-preparation and planting, develop a dense growth of perennial herbs such as Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod), vines and brambles including Smilax spp. (greenbrier) and Rubus spp. (blackberry), and residual or regenerating tree species—especially Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) and Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum). Exotic grasses, including Paspalum notatum (bahia grass), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), and Bromus catharticus (rescue grass), may dominate pastures. Urban areas are characterized by a variety of vegetation, including patches of natural or semi-natural vegetation along boundaries (fences, roads, and property lines). Cultivated exotic species and native species, often occurring in habitats which they would not ordinarily occupy, characterize the portions of urban areas fortunate enough not to have been converted to roads and parking lots. Elsewhere, large areas of former river floodplains have been converted to artificial reservoirs where the exotic weed Hydrilla verticillata is abundant. THE FUTURE OF THE PINEYWOODS The Pineywoods are fortunate relative to much of Texas to have significant areas of national forests and other public lands where high-quality remnants of natural ecosystems survive and where there is access for those who wish to enjoy them. However, while some Pineywoods ecosystems are robust and many good second-growth stands exist, valuable natural areas continue to be lost. Today represents a last chance to conserve truly natural examples of many ecosystems. Longleaf pine woodlands, Herbaceous Seeps, and mature-growth Mesic Lower Slope and Stream Bottom forests are particularly threatened and in need of urgent conservation. Opportunities also exist for ecosystem restoration (Allen et al. 2001), particularly with longleaf pine woodlands where appropriate management may include prescribed fire, thinning, destruction of shrubs, and planting of little bluestem and other native grasses and forbs. Decisions made by our generation may determine whether our children will be able to enjoy and experience this rich and diverse landscape as has been our privilege. POST OAK SAVANNAH OCCURRENCE OF THE POST OAK SAVANNAH The Post Oak Savannah (Figs. 63, 64), a region of about 53,400 square kilometers (20,600 square miles) or 5.3 million hectares (about 7.7 percent of Texas), is situated between the Pineywoods and Blackland Prairie vegetational zones, with some interdigitation with disjunct sections of the Blackland Prairie to the south (Figs. 2, 3). The region extends in an irregular northeast to southwest band occurring on predominantly sandy soils derived from Tertiary geologic layers. It ranges from Bowie County in the northeast corner of the state on the Arkansas border, southwest beyond the Guadalupe River to northern Wilson and Goliad counties. Precipitation level is an important determinant of its eastward transition to the adjacent Pineywoods, the demarcation between the two corresponding roughly with the 40 inch (98 cm) mean annual precipitation line (Larkin & Bomar 1983). In general, the Post Oak Savannah is a gently rolling to hilly, moderately dissected, woodland plain with elevations ranging from 300 to 800 feet (about 90 to 250 m) (Hatch et al. 1999; MacRoberts et al. 2002b).
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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52 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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Page 77 and 78: 60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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Page 95 and 96: 78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
Page 97 and 98: 80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
Page 105 and 106: 88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
Page 107 and 108: 90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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Page 127 and 128: 110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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Page 133 and 134: 116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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Page 143 and 144: 126 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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Page 147 and 148: 130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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Page 163 and 164: 146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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174 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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