ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF EAST TEXAS FLORA/INTRODUCTION 217 FIG. 128/MAP SHOWING A MAJOR PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF THE GULF COASTAL PLAIN—THE “LONGLEAF PINE” PATTERN.STIPPLED AREA IS THE CORE REGION FOR PINUS PALUSTRIS (LONGLEAF PINE); DOTTED LINE ENCLOSES THE AREA OF DISCONTINUOUS OR DISJUNCT OCCURRENCES OF LONGLEAF PINE.NUMEROUS PLANTS OCCURRING IN EAST TEXAS EXHIBIT THIS PATTERN (FROM SORRIE & WEAKLEY 2001, WITH PERMISSION OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY). Rhododon), two (Brazoria and Rhododon—both in the Lamiaceae) are associated with xeric sandylands (Turner 1995, 1996; MacRoberts et al. 2002c). MacRoberts et al. (2002c) define xeric sandylands as “open to sparsely wooded areas that typically occur on terraces or ridges composed of deep sand, generally of marine Tertiary origin.” This habitat occurs widely in the West Gulf Coastal Plain on a variety of sandy strata (MacRoberts et al. 2002c). The deep, coarse, sandy soils are extremely well-drained and become droughty even during brief periods without rain—hence, they are prone “to frequent water deficits and nutrient limitations” and “undoubtedly have always dramatically affected vegetation structure and composition” (MacRoberts et al. 2002c). MacRoberts et al. (2002c) suggested that in this center of endemism, xeric habitats have been available since at least the end of the last glaciation and possibly before—thus there has been sufficient time for the evolution of species or other taxa adapted to the special conditions present. Some abundant East Texas plants (e.g., Yucca louisianensis, Louisiana yucca) fit this xeric sandylands pattern, as well as a number of Texas endemics. One special component of the arid sandylands are the Carrizo Sands (McBryde 1933), and Carrizo Sands endemics are a special (and numerically important) case of West Gulf Coastal Plain endemism. Species confined (or nearly so) to the Carrizo Formation, which lies wholly within Texas (Fig. 129), include Abronia macrocarpa (large-fruit sand-verbena), Brazoria pulcherrima (rattlesnake-flower), Chaetopappa imberbis (mostly; awnless leastdaisy), Coreopsis nuecensis (mostly; crown tickseed), Crataegus nananixonii (Nixon’s hawthorn), Hymenopappus carrizoanus (Carrizo sands woollywhite), Monarda viridissima (green beebalm), Palafoxia hookeriana var. minor (sand palafox), Paronychia setacea (bristle nailwort), Polygonella parksii (Parks’ jointweed), Rhododon ciliatus (Texas sand-mint), and
218 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF EAST TEXAS FLORA FIG. 129/MAP SHOWING SURFACE EXTENT OF THE CARRIZO SANDS.ONLY 19 KM (12 MILES) WIDE, THE CARRIZO FORMATION TRENDS SOUTH- WEST TO NORTHEAST FOR 720 KM (450 MILES) (FROM SORRIE & WEAKLEY 2001, WITH PERMISSION OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY). Thelesperma flavodiscum (East Texas greenthread) (Sorrie & Weakley 2001). A different pattern of West Gulf Coastal Plain endemism (and one with fewer examples) is shown by those species that occur only on the Weches Formation (thin rocky soils with high pH and glauconite). Two such East Texas endemics are Texas golden glade cress (Leavenworthia aurea var. texana) (Mahler 1987; Poole et al. 2002) and the federally endangered white bladderpod (Lesquerella pallida) (George & Nixon 1990). EDWARDS PLATEAU ENDEMICS—Many endemics that were once thought to be restricted to the Edwards Plateau are now known to reach the westernmost edge of East Texas. Additionally, many of the Edwards Plateau endemics also occur in the Lampasas Cut Plain in the southern part of the Cross Timbers and Prairies vegetational area (Amos & Gehlbach 1988; Diggs et al. 1999). The explanation for the endemism seen in the Edwards Plateau and adjacent areas, while not completely clear, may be the result of the climatic history of the last 1.8 million years. During the Quaternary Period (beginning about 1.8 mya), there were significant climatic variability and at least 20 glacial-interglacial cycles. Widespread changes in vegetation were associated with these climatic fluctuations (Delcourt & Delcourt 1993). For example, during the last full-glacial interval (100,000 until approximately 18,000–15,000 years ago), there was a cool, moist “pluvial” climate across the unglaciated parts of southwestern North America (Delcourt & Delcourt 1993) with forest species presumably expanding their ranges. Bryant’s data (1977) indicated an open deciduous forest in central Texas during the last fullglacial interval. The climate moderated from 15,000–10,000 years ago, with interglacial conditions (i.e., warmer and drier) for the last 10,000 years (Delcourt & Delcourt 1993), (e.g., Nolina lindheimeriana (devil’s-shoestring), Tinantia anomala (false dayflower, Tradescantia edwardsiana (plateau spidewort), and Yucca rupicola (twist-leaf yucca)). The Edwards Plateau endemics are typically found in moist areas such as canyons along wooded streams and have presumably survived in the favorable microclimate pockets as the overall climate of the area has warmed and/or dried. Many of these species have affinities with eastern taxa and may be relicts of a more widespread flora that became restricted as the result of climatic or geologic changes (Palmer 1920; Amos & Gehlbach 1988).
Page 1 and 2:
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
Page 3 and 4:
ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
Page 5 and 6:
We would like to recognize and expr
Page 7 and 8:
ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
Page 9 and 10:
“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
Page 11 and 12:
Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
Page 13 and 14:
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
Page 15 and 16:
TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
Page 17 and 18:
Hymenocallis liriosme
Page 19 and 20:
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
Page 21 and 22:
4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
Page 29 and 30:
12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
Page 31 and 32:
14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
Page 33 and 34:
16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
Page 35 and 36:
18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
Page 37 and 38:
20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
Page 39 and 40:
22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
Page 41 and 42:
24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
Page 43 and 44:
26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
Page 45 and 46:
28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
Page 47 and 48:
30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
Page 49 and 50:
32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
Page 65 and 66:
48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
Page 67 and 68:
50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Forests define East Texas, and to a
Page 95 and 96:
78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
Page 97 and 98:
80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
Page 107 and 108:
90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
Page 129 and 130:
112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
Page 131 and 132:
114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
Page 133 and 134:
116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
Page 135 and 136:
118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
Page 147 and 148:
130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
Page 149 and 150:
132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
Page 151 and 152:
134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
Page 163 and 164:
146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
Page 165 and 166:
148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
Page 167 and 168:
150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
Page 169 and 170:
152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
Page 171 and 172:
154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
Page 173 and 174:
156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
Page 175 and 176:
158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
Page 177 and 178:
160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184: 166 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
Page 189 and 190: 172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
Page 191 and 192: 174 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
Page 201 and 202: 184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
Page 207 and 208: 190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
Page 217 and 218: 200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
Page 233: 216 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
Page 245 and 246: 228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
Page 251 and 252: 234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
Page 261 and 262: 244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
Page 263 and 264: 246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
Page 265 and 266: 248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
Page 267 and 268: 250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
Page 269 and 270: 252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
Page 271 and 272: 254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
Page 273 and 274: 256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
Page 275 and 276: 258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
Page 285 and 286:
268 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
Page 287 and 288:
270 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
show all

ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?