ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF BOTANY IN TEXAS WITH EMPHASIS ON THE EASTERN HALF OF THE STATE EARLY BOTANY IN TEXAS PRIOR TO THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS / BEFORE 1836 Botanical work in Texas had its beginnings in the early 1800s, while what is now Texas was part of Mexico and afterwards a separate republic. According to Winkler (1915), “The study of Texas plants …is as old as the state itself. Prior to her annexation to the Union, and even before the period of the Republic of Texas, Texas had become an interesting field of observation and research for botanists and naturalists.” In fact, much of the earliest natural history work in Texas was botanical in nature (McCarley 1986). The first expedition reaching Texas known to be accompanied by a dedicated naturalist/botanist (Peter Custis) was the Freeman and Custis Red River Expedition of 1806 (Morton 1967b; Flores 1984; Mac- Roberts et al. 1997; MacRoberts & MacRoberts 2004c). The party entered the Red River from the Mississippi River and proceeded mostly FIG. 133/ EDWIN JAMES (1797–1861). USED WITH PERMISSION, ARCHIVES OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM,HARVARD UNIV., CAMBRIDGE,MA. HISTORY OF BOTANY IN TEXAS/INTRODUCTION 233 through what is now Louisiana until they were turned back by a Spanish force near the present-day Spanish Bluff, Bowie County, Texas near the Arkansas-Louisiana-Texas meeting point (Morton 1967b, including map). While there is no evidence of any specimens being collected in Texas (out of a total of 26 collected, only two from Louisiana are known to have survived—MacRoberts et al. 1997) and the expedition barely reached Texas, “it did uncover a wealth of ecological, botanical, and zoological data” (MacRoberts et al. 1997). Of particular interest is the fact that numerous prairies were described near the Red River in an area now dominated by bottomland forests, “owing to the custom which these nations of hunters [Native Americans] have, of burning the grass at certain seasons” (Freeman in Flores 1984). The first known collection of plants from what is now the state was made by Edwin James (Fig. 133) in August 1820 in the Texas Panhandle as part of Major S.H. Long’s expedition to the Rocky Mountains (Shinners 1949). Details of the expedition’s route are provided by Goodman and Lawson (1995). However, the first person to make more extensive collections in the area that would become Texas was Jean Louis Berlandier (1805–1851), a French (or Swiss, if today’s borders are considered) botanist. Berlandier collected in Texas from 1828 to 1834, with his earliest collections being made in 1828 between Laredo and San Antonio while on a Mexican Boundary Commission expedition to explore the area along the proposed United States-Mexico border (Winkler 1915; Geiser 1948a; Berlandier 1980). On April 14 of that year (1828), Berlandier departed from San Antonio for Nacogdoches (Berlandier 1980). It was on this journey that the scientific study of plants in East Texas began—
234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY IN TEXAS it is thought that Berlandier may have been the first botanist to collect in East Texas. Further, Berlandier’s journal from that trip contains what may be the first written record of the Texas bluebonnet (Andrews 1986). He noted, “A lupine [Texas bluebonnet], verbena, delphinium, some lilies, and a great many evening primroses contrasted with the tender green of the grasses, from which sprang flowers of various colors.” In addition, he apparently made the first collection of the species that would eventually be named Lupinus texensis, one of the six Lupinus species which are the state flowers of Texas (Andrews 1986; Turner & Andrews 1986). Thousands of his collections were sent to the famous botanist Alphonse de Candolle of Geneva, Switzerland (Reveal & Pringle 1993), who described many as new to science. Berlandier is immortalized in many scientific names, including FIG. the genus Berlandiera, greeneyes, a composite 134/THOMAS DRUMMOND (1780–1835). FIGURE COURTESY OF HUNT INSTITUTE FOR BOTANICAL DOCUMENTATION, CARNEGIE genus of four species native to the southern MELLON UNIVERSITY, PITTSBURGH, PA.USED WITH PERMISSION OF United States and Mexico. A two volume transla- ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS,KEW,ENGLAND,UK. tion of his journal has been published (Berlandier 1980), as have his important early observations on Native Americans—The Indians of Texas in 1830 (Berlandier 1969). Despite Berlandier’s botanical importance, no portrait, drawing, or sketch of him is known (Geiser 1948a). Another early plant collector was Thomas Drummond (1780–1835), a Scottish botanist and naturalist who came to Texas in 1833 (Fig. 134). While in the area for only a brief period (1833–1834), he made important collections in southeast Texas and stimulated such later collectors as Lindheimer and Wright (discussed below). Drummond’s were the first Texas collections that were widely distributed to museums and herbaria, with many of them going to Sir William Jackson Hooker in London (Geiser 1948a; Reveal & Pringle 1993). While many Texas plants are named for him, perhaps none is better known than Phlox drummondii, commonly known as Drummond’s phlox or pride-of-Texas. Also of note is that it was from several of Drummond’s collections that W.J. Hooker described both Lupinus subcarnosus and Lupinus texensis (Hooker 1836; Turner & Andrews 1986). A final early collector, Melines Conkling Leavenworth (1796–1862), an army surgeon and another pioneer naturalist, collected in East Texas in 1835. He is commemorated by names including Carex leavenworthii, Leavenworth’s caric sedge, Eryngium leavenworthii, Leavenworth’s eryngo, and the genus Leavenworthia (Brassicaceae), gladecress. DURING REPUBLIC OF TEXAS TIMES AND EARLY STATEHOOD / 1836–1890S While not chronologically the first collector in the state, Ferdinand Jakob Lindheimer (1801–1879), a German-born and educated collector, is often referred to as the “father of Texas botany” because of his important botanical contributions, particularly to the knowledge of the central Texas flora (Fig. 135). Lindheimer’s botanical work in the state, supported in part by George Engelmann (German-born botanist and physician of St. Louis; Fig. 136) and Asa Gray (the pre-eminent Harvard botanist sometimes referred to as the “Patriarch” of American botany; Fig. 137), spanned the years from 1836 to 1879 (Geiser 1948a; Hatter 1991; Reveal & Pringle 1993). Lindheimer’s collections were widely distributed by Engelmann and Gray under the title “Flora Texana Exsiccata” (Blankinship 1907; Boensch 2000), and numerous new species were described in the
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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Page 199 and 200: 182 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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Page 271 and 272: 254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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