ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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MAJOR RIVERS OF EAST TEXAS/INTRODUCTION 11 where numerous plants typical of the Edwards Plateau extend into the western edge of East Texas (e.g., on outcrops of the Oakville Sandstone in Burleson, Fayette, and Grimes counties). Other range extensions are known where species extend east from western Texas along such rivers as the Red or Comal. Yet other species, more typical of southern or southwestern Texas, reach only the extreme southwestern margins of East Texas. Finally, some predominantly coastal species extend inland into areas of the Big Thicket, or even farther in special cases (e.g., inland salt marsh near Grand Saline in Van Zandt Co.). FIG.9/RIVER BASIN MAP OF TEXAS.USED WITH PERMISSION OF THE BUREAU OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY,UNIV. OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN.
12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The generalized vegetation map of East Texas (Fig. 2) is a modification of maps in Tharp (1926), Gould (1957b), Gould (1962), Correll and Johnston (1970), Mahler (1988), Hatch et al. (1990), and Diggs et al. (1999). The western edge of the Blackland Prairie is defined to the south by the Balcones Escarpment and to the north by the beginning of the East Cross Timbers. To the east, the Blackland Prairie and the Post Oak Savannah intermingle extensively, usually with prairie vegetation on clay soils and savannah vegetation on sandy soils. To the east of the Post Oak Savannah is the Pineywoods vegetational area, a region of pine, mixed pine-deciduous, and deciduous forests occupying the wettest portion of East Texas. The northern boundary of East Texas is the Red River border with Oklahoma. The area adjacent to the Red River is designated as the Red River Area, a vegetationally distinct, narrow strip of land near the Red River, with sandy soils supporting numerous plants more typically found farther east. The eastern boundary of the Pineywoods, and East Texas as a whole, is the state line between Texas and Arkansas to the north and Louisiana to the south. To the south, East Texas extends to the beginning of the Gulf Prairies and Marshes and the South Texas Plains vegetational areas. Components of both those areas extend north into the region treated in this study. INFORMATION HELPFUL IN USING THE FLORA PLANTS TREATED All known native and naturalized vascular plant species occurring in East Texas (Fig. 2; Table 1) are treated taxonomically in the flora. For a species to be included, voucher specimens must have been seen, a reliable literature citation found, or in a few cases, plants observed in the field. If a taxon was included based on a literature citation, the citation is given in the text. A significant number of species were included based on mapped locations in the recently published Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Texas by Turner et al. (2003), which is based on specimens at TEX, or in a few instances, on other sources checked by Turner and his colleagues. A few other species were included based on a listing for vegetational areas 1 (Pineywoods), 3 (Post Oak Savannah), or 4 (Blackland Prairie) by Hatch et al. (1990). In a few instances, species were included based on field observations by individuals. These are listed in the treatments as “pers. obs.” (personal observation, which denotes observation by one of the authors) or “pers. comm.” (personal communication, which indicates an individual’s observation communicated to the authors; such individuals are listed in the literature cited with a one or two line biography). Plants growing in East Texas can be divided into five categories (native, naturalized, persisting, waif, and cultivated), following Nesom (2000). Native plants are those naturally occurring in the area before Anglo-European settlement. For the purposes of this work, a naturalized species is simply a non-native that is reproducing in the area without human assistance. Nesom’s (2000) more detailed definition of naturalized species is as follows: “Plants of non-native species accidentally or deliberately introduced into the flora, now reproducing and maintaining viable populations from year to year (more than just one or a few seasons), and dispersing without deliberate human assistance beyond the population or populations of original establishment.” The term “escaped”, included here within the definition of naturalized, is used by various authors. It often is used to imply that the species in question is represented in the wild by only a few individuals or occurs only in a limited area. A limited number of persisting but apparently non-reproducing taxa (e.g., Iris germanica—garden iris), have been included because they are likely to be encountered and because they can be difficult to distinguish from native or naturalized species. While not truly naturalized (“not reproducing or at least not spreading beyond the original planting”), these long-persistent plants can remain at old home sites, roadsides, etc. for many decades without human assistance, even after all evidence of associated human presence is gone (Nesom 2000). Also, a few waifs (“non-native species growing outside of cultivation but not maintaining a viable population for more than one or a few seasons”—Nesom 2000) have
Page 1 and 2: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
Page 3 and 4: ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
Page 5 and 6: We would like to recognize and expr
Page 7 and 8: ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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Page 11 and 12: Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
Page 13 and 14: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
Page 15 and 16: TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Page 21 and 22: 4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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