ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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CURRENT VEGETATION OF PINEYWOODS/INTRODUCTION 95 Pityopsis graminifolia (narrow-leaf silk-grass), Solidago odora (anise-scented goldenrod), Tephrosia virginica (goat’s-rue), and various species of Panicum (panic grasses). Also present are indicators of dry sandy sites, including Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern), Tragia urticifolia (nose-burn), Cnidoscolus texanus (Texas bull-nettle), Stylisma pickeringii (Pickering’s dawnflower), and Berlandiera pumila (soft greeneyes). Recurring fires keep shrubs sparse and maintain the grassy ground layer. With the exception of longleaf pine, whose seedlings are adapted to surviving fire, trees have difficulty becoming established in regularly burned stands. Rare on modern landscapes, these communities persist mainly on public lands in areas with prescribed burning programs. Good examples are found in the southern Angelina National Forest. LOAMY DRY-MESIC UPLANDS—This ecological type has sandy loam or loam surface soils with loam or clay loam more than 30 cm below the surface. Consequently, these soils hold more moisture than Arenic Dry Uplands. They represent the least-droughty examples of the “dry uplands” of Nixon (2000), and the “dry upland forests and savannas” of Harcombe et al. (1993). On most Pineywoods landscapes they are the most widespread upland ecological type. As with Arenic Dry Uplands, we recognize two natural plant communities, mixed pine-hardwood forests and longleaf pine woodlands, depending on whether stands have had a history of regular fire and are within the range of longleaf pine. DRY-MESIC MIXED PINE-HARDWOOD UPLANDS—On these uplands (Fig. 54), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) is abundant, even dominant, but usually occurs with a mixture of broad-leaved deciduous trees, including Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Quercus falcata (southern red oak), Q. stellata (post oak), Ulmus alata (winged elm), and Carya spp. (hickory). Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) may also be present, especially on sites of more natural quality, although human activities and lack of fire have favored loblolly pine and have reduced the occurrence of shortleaf pine even in the northern and western Pineywoods where it was always an important component of Dry-Mesic Uplands. The shrub-layer may be dense and includes Callicarpa americana (American beauty-berry), Ilex vomitoria (yaupon), and Cornus florida (flowering dogwood). Woody vines, especially Smilax spp. (greenbrier) and Vitis aestivalis (summer grape) are common. A variety of species with a wide ecological range, including among others, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum (narrow-leaved wood-oats), Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy), and Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper) dominate the ground layer. These mixed forest communities have increased markedly on the post-settlement landscape at the expense of longleaf pine woodlands. DRY-MESIC LONGLEAF PINE UPLANDS—These stands, which correspond in part with the “longleaf bluestem uplands” of Ajilvsgi (1979), are typically open-canopied Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) woodlands, often with scattered individuals of Quercus marilandica (blackjack oak). The sparse canopy allows enough light to reach the ground to support a dense, prairie-like ground layer of grasses, composites, and other sun-loving species. Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem) usually dominates the ground layer. Other important species include Pityopsis graminifolia (narrow-leaf silk-grass), Solidago odora (anise-scented goldenrod), Tephrosia virginica (goat’s-rue), Panicum virgatum (switch grass), and Dichanthelium (rosette grass) species. Frequent fire controls shrubs such as Rhus copallina (flame-leaf sumac), Ilex vomitoria (yaupon), and Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) saplings, which rapidly invade unburned sites. While longleaf pine seedlings are capable of surviving fire, regular fire prevents seedlings of most other species from becoming established. In the absence of regular fire, sites rapidly succeed to a mixed closed-canopy forest. More favorable soil moisture and nutrient conditions allow fire-free stands to convert to mixed forests more quickly than would Arenic Longleaf Pine Uplands. Historically, these Dry-Mesic Longleaf Pine Uplands dominated uplands in much of the southern and eastern Pineywoods. They are now rare,
96 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION OF PINEYWOODS persisting mainly on public lands in areas with prescribed burning programs. Even more rare in East Texas than Arenic Longleaf Pine Uplands, a few stands persist in the southern Angelina National Forest. Extensive areas can still be found in Louisiana’s Kisatchie National Forest. FIG. 55/WET HERBACEOUS SEEP FROM ANGELINA NATIONAL FOREST NEAR ZAVALLA, ANGELINA CO. NOTE EXTENSIVE POPULATION OF SARRACENIA ALATA (YELLOW TRUMPET, PITCHER PLANT;SARRACENIACEAE) (PHOTO BY JVK). WET HERBACEOUS SEEPS—These communities have generally been referred to as “bogs” (MacRoberts & MacRoberts 1991), “pitcher plant bogs” (Nixon & Ward 1986; Nixon 2000), “acid bogs” (Ajilvsgi 1979), “hillside seepage bogs” (Bridges & Orzell 1989a, 1989b), “hillside bogs” (Bridges & Orzell 1989a; MacRoberts & MacRoberts 2001), or “hanging bogs” (Watson 1975; Peacock 1994), even though little or no peat accumulates, as is the case for true bogs. Wet Herbaceous Seeps (Fig. 55) typically occur on upland hillsides where groundwater collects above an impermeable layer (clay or rock) and seeps to the surface, resulting in water-saturated, nutrient-poor, sandy soils—e.g., at the Willis-Catahoula contact. In general, slope tends not to be steep (average 7.6% grade), but it is “the few spectacular bogs with the steepest slopes that are responsible for the name ‘hillside’ bog” (MacRoberts & MacRoberts 2001). These seeps are generally small in size, typically less than 2 hectares (5 acres) in area, with many less than 0.4 hectares (1 acre) (Bridges & Orzell 1989b). The surrounding soils usually consist of sands, which have a high infiltration rate and provide an ample water supply for the seeps. Herbaceous Seeps are typically embedded in longleaf pine communities, and regular fires entering from the pyrogenic surrounding landscape prevent them from succeeding to Forested Seep or “baygall” communities. Trees are usually limited to scattered longleaf pines and occasional Magnolia virginiana (sweetbay magnolia) or Nyssa sylvatica (black-gum). Shrubs are kept sparse by fire, but can include Myrica cerifera (southern waxmyrtle), Persea borbonia (redbay), Viburnum nudum (possumhaw), and Toxicodendron vernix (poison sumac). Sedges, many from the genus Rhynchospora, dominate, along with grasses (especially Dichanthelium dichotomum—forked panic grass). In addition, a species-rich assemblage of forbs occurs, including carnivorous plants such as Drosera brevifolia (annual
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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Page 107 and 108: 90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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174 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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