ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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Benjamin Carroll Tharp, one of Young’s students, replaced her and made major contributions to Texas botany during a career spanning 45 years (1919–1964). Possibly his most lasting contribution was the building of the University of Texas herbarium from 16,000 to 200,000 specimens, in the process raising it from “regional obscurity to wide recognition” (Turner & Johnston 1971). His published contributions include the landmark Structure of Texas Vegetation East of the 98th Meridian (1926), The Vegetation of Texas (1939), and Texas Range Grasses (1952a). Among Tharp’s students were L.C. Hinckley (working mostly in the Trans-Pecos), C.H. Muller (well known for his study of oaks and Mexican plants), and B.H. Warnock (who was to become the recognized authority on the plants of the Trans-Pecos). From 1942 to 1947, F.A. Barkley did taxonomic research at the University of Texas, working with Tharp and eventually contributing to the herbarium in the capacity of curator. Botany was established as a separate department at the University of Texas in 1949, and the new chair, W. Gordon Whaley, was charged with developing an excellent department (Turner 1999a). In 1954, Billie Lee Turner (1925–) (Fig. 153), a student of L.H. Shinners (M.S.) and M. Ownbey (Ph.D.), arrived at the University of Texas to begin a career that would span nearly half a century. Among his contributions were The Legumes of Texas (Turner 1959) and extensive work with colleague Ralph E. Alston on the “Baptisia project,” a series of studies on hybridization in that genus. Turner supervised the doctoral programs of over 60 students, including such stellar individuals as H.S. Irwin (coauthor of Roadside Flowers of Texas). Turner was also one of the individuals responsible for developing the Botany Department at the University of Texas at Austin into one of the best known and most respected departments in the United States. Turner is still actively contributing to Texas botany, having recently co-authored the landmark Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Texas (2 volumes) (Turner et al. 2003). This work, incorporating the knowledge gained from a lifetime of study of Texas plants, is the first work providing distribution maps for all the native and naturalized plants of the state. Turner is also engaged in publishing the multi-volume The Comps of Mexico: A Systematic Account of the Family Asteraceae (e.g., Turner 1996, 1997), and is writing The Comps of Texas with co-author Guy Nesom. In addition, the University of Texas herbarium grew tremendously under the leader- ship of Turner, resulting in its current size of more than a million specimens. With the addition of T.J. Mabry in 1961, BOTANY AT UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN/INTRODUCTION 249 FIG. 153/BILLIE LEE TURNER (1925–). PHOTO COURTESY OF BILLIE LEE TURNER. phytochemical research at the University of Texas expanded, eventually resulting in such publications as Biochemical Systematics (Alston & Turner 1963), The Systematic Identification of Flavonoids (Mabry et al. 1970), and Plant Chemosystematics (Harborne & Turner 1984). In 1967, Marshall C. Johnston (Fig. 144) was officially appointed as a faculty member at the University of Texas. His most important contributions include co-authoring the Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas (Correll & Johnston 1970), authoring two lists (Johnston 1988, 1990) updating that work, and co-authoring volumes produced by the Useful Wild Plants Project (Cheatham & Johnston 1995, 2000).
250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY By the 1970s and early 1980s, the University of Texas Department of Botany was ranked as the number one botany department in the U.S., if not the world (Turner 1999a). Numerous highly respected scientists had been assembled and were actively producing research. In addition to those mentioned above were such well known figures as C.J. Alexopoulos, H.C. Bold, and R. Starr. Four University of Texas botanists, Harold Bold, Verne Grant, Jack Myers, and Richard Starr, were elected to the National Academy of Sciences (B.L. Turner, pers. comm.). Verne Grant, the author of numerous books and articles (e.g., Grant & Grant 1965; Grant 1971, 1975), though retired, continues to publish actively (e.g., Grant 2001a, 2001b, 2004) and to assist and encourage other botanists in their research. Since the early 1980s, many additional botanists have made major botanical contributions at the University of Texas, with recent research focused primarily on tropical regions (particularly Mexican) and biochemical/molecular topics. Botanists recently associated with the University of Texas include Bill Carr, Barbara Ertter, Paul Fryxell, Larry Gilbert, Jim Henrickson (working on the Chihuahuan Desert Region flora project), Robert Janzen, Karen Clary, Blanco Leon, Don Levin, Guy Nesom, José Pinero, Jackie Poole, Beryl Simpson, Carol Todzia, Tom Wendt, and Lindsay Woodruff. In addition, there have been numerous graduate students who have done important research. The herbarium has continued to grow to the present. Through the last half of the 1970s and the 1980s, Dr. Cyrus Lundell (Fig. 149) transferred the 450,000 sheet herbarium of the Texas Research Foundation (at Renner near Dallas) to the University of Texas. Other important components of the University of Texas collection include the 8,750 specimen Robert Runyon herbarium (made by this early student of South Texas botany who began collecting there in 1909), as well as the W.A. Silveus grass collection which served as the basis for the first book on Texas Grasses (Silveus 1933). As a result of these and other acquisitions and continued collecting, the Plant Resources Center, including LL (Lundell Herbarium), RUNYON (Robert Runyon Herbarium), and TEX, now houses approximately 1.1 million specimens of vascular plants (Morin & Spellenberg 1993). In 1998, a new journal of botanical systematics, Lundellia (named in honor of Dr. and Mrs. Cyrus Lundell) was begun by the Plant Resources Center. Extensive botanical data are currently being put online and can be accessed through the Plant Resources Center website (http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/). In 1999, in a reorganization of biology at the University of Texas, the Botany Department was split between the Cellular and Developmental Biology and the Integrative Biology departments of the newly structured School of Biological Sciences (Turner 1999b). TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Numerous botanical contributions have been made by scientists working at and associated with Texas A&M University. As a land grant institution, A&M has always had an emphasis on plant sciences. Possibly the earliest botanist at Texas A&M was Greenleaf C. Nealley (1846–1896) (Fig. 154), who arrived on the young campus of Texas A&M College in the year 1882, apparently hired directly by College President John Garland James “to make plant collections” (McVaugh 1946; Geiser 1947). Nealley published an early paper, “Report of Botany of Brazos County,” according to Geiser (1947), “in the Sixth Annual Catalogue of the A. & M. College of Texas, 1883.” Nealley also published (March 1883) a “Report on Texas Grasses” in the “Seventh Annual Report of the college,” with his “List of grasses in the college herbarium” at College Station including some 162 species (Geiser 1947). These collections apparently represent the first herbarium at Texas A&M. While only associated with Texas A&M from 1882–1883, Neally collected widely in Texas until 1893, particularly in the Trans-Pecos (McVaugh 1946; Geiser 1947). Formal work in botany began at Texas A&M in 1888 with the appointment of Thomas L. Brunk, a graduate of Cornell University, as Professor of Botany and Horticulture (Geiser 1948b). During 1889–1890, Herbert Spencer Jennings, later of Johns
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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