ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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FIG.11/GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (DATES, IN MILLIONS OF YEARS, BASED ON U.S. GEOLOGIC SURVEY 2002). FIG.12/ ANCIENT OUACHITA MOUNTAINS (PART OF THE APPALACHIAN- OUACHITA-MARATHON MOUNTAIN SYSTEM).THIS RANGE ROSE APPROX- IMATELY 300 MILLION YEARS AGO AS A RESULT OF A PLATE TECTONIC COLLISION (ADAPTED FROM ROADSIDE GEOLOGY OF TEXAS, DARWIN SPEARING, 1991, ©MOUNTAIN MISSOULA,MT). PRESS PUBLISHING COMPANY, GENERAL GEOLOGY OF EAST TEXAS/INTRODUCTION 33 can be found hundreds of miles inland when salt from a dome reaches the surface and forms an inland salt marsh (e.g., Bolboschoenus robustus of the Cyperaceae at Grand Saline) (Fig. 14). In addition, in a few cases the salt domes push the overlying strata more than 200 feet above the surrounding landscape (e.g., at Davis Hill State Park in Liberty County), exposing sedimentary layers, such as the calcareous Fleming Formation, that are unusual for the area. This can result in unexpected plant distributions (e.g., the rare Texas occurrence of the calciphilic [= calcium-loving] shadow witch orchid, Ponthieva racemosa, at Davis Hill— Liggio 2002). Economically, salt domes (Fig. 15) are very important because rich deposits of oil often collected around them from nearby oil-bearing layers—e.g., at Spindletop, the first gusher that in 1901 ushered in the Texas oil boom (Sanders 2000). As large-scale geologic changes (e.g., plate movements, changes in sea level) continued into the Cretaceous and the Gulf widened, virtually all of Texas was frequently covered by advancing and retreating shallow seas (Fig. 16). In fact, the seas reached to the Big Bend area and at times even stretched from the Gulf of Mexico north to the Arctic Ocean. An example, the Western Interior Seaway, extended north-south the complete length of the continent across what is now the central United States and Canada. Thick layers of sediment continued to be deposited into these seas during much of the Cretaceous, the material coming in part from erosion of the Rocky Mountains rising to the west. As a result of the varying water depths and other conditions, a number of different layers of Cretaceous sediments were laid down across the state, with some of these being mostly sand, some limestone, and some containing abundant fossils (Spearing 1991). According to Hill (1901), In general the sands are near-shore deposits, such as are seen to-day on most ocean beaches. The finer sands were carried a little further
34 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF EAST TEXAS seaward than the coarse material. The clays are the lighter débris of the land, which were laid down a little farther from the land border; and so on through the various gradations to the chalky limestones, which largely represent oceanic sediments deposited in relatively purer waters farthest away from the land. The limestones are not all chalky. Some are agglomerates of shells of animals which inhabited the sandy or muddy bottoms; others are old beach wash. The vast numbers of sea shells occurring upon the mountains and prairies of Texas have not been transported, as some people believe. Save that they have been subjected to general regional uplift whereby the sea bottom was converted into land, they are now in the exact locality where they lived and flourished, and the clays and limestones in which they were buried were once the muds of the old ocean bottom. FIG.13/HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF GULF OF MEXICO AND SEDIMENT WEDGES.NOTE THE FORMATION OF SALT DOMES EXTENDING INTO THE SEDIMENTS ABOVE (FROM ROADSIDE GEOLOGY OF TEXAS,DARWIN SPEARING, 1991, ©MOUNTAIN PRESS PUBLISHING COMPANY,MISSOULA,MT). Such sedimentation is the source of a relatively fine-grained, white, Upper Cretaceous limestone deposited about 90 to 85 mya that is exposed near the western edge of East Texas and known as the Austin Chalk (Hayward & Yelderman 1991). This layer is the bedrock from which the soil of much of the Blackland Prairie formed. The remainder of the main body of the Blackland Prairie is underlain by slightly younger Cretaceous sediments ranging in age from 79 to 68 million years old (Hayward & Yelderman 1991). With the exception of Upper Cretaceous sediments such as those underlying the Blackland Prairie, most of East Texas is underlain by deposits of Tertiary age (65–1.8 mya), with the majority being laid down during the Eocene Epoch (55.5 to 33.7 mya) (Figs. 17, 18). Throughout much of the Tertiary, the Gulf continued to subside, and clay, silt, sand,
Page 1 and 2: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
Page 3 and 4: ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
Page 5 and 6: We would like to recognize and expr
Page 7 and 8: ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
Page 9 and 10: “DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
Page 11 and 12: Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
Page 13 and 14: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
Page 15 and 16: TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
Page 17 and 18: Hymenocallis liriosme
Page 19 and 20: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
Page 21 and 22: 4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
Page 27 and 28: 10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
Page 29 and 30: 12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
Page 31 and 32: 14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
Page 33 and 34: 16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
Page 35 and 36: 18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
Page 37 and 38: 20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
Page 39 and 40: 22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
Page 41 and 42: 24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
Page 43 and 44: 26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
Page 45 and 46: 28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
Page 47 and 48: 30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
Page 49: 32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
Page 53 and 54: 36 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
Page 63 and 64: 46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
Page 65 and 66: 48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
Page 67 and 68: 50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
Page 77 and 78: 60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
Page 83 and 84: 66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
Page 93 and 94: Forests define East Texas, and to a
Page 95 and 96: 78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
Page 97 and 98: 80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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84 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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86 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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