ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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Scientific Names of Weeds and Crops (Zimdahl 1989); The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening (Huxley et al. 1992); Botanical Latin (Stearn 1992); and Plants and Their Names (Hyam & Pankhurst 1995). References of particular importance for the Introduction to East Texas included the classic Geography and Geology of the Black and Grand Prairies, Texas (Hill 1901); A Field Guide to the Blackland Prairie of Texas, From Frontier to Heartland in One Long Century (Hayward & Yelderman 1991); The Texas Blackland Prairie, Land, History, and Culture (Sharpless & Yelderman 1993); The Big Thicket Forest of Eastern Texas: A Brief Historical Botanical and Ecological Report (McLeod 1972); Big Thicket Plant Ecology: An Introduction (Watson 1975); Land of Bears and Honey: A Natural History of East Texas (Truett & Lay 1984); Roadside Geology of Texas (Spearing 1991); Backwoodsmen: Stockmen and Hunters Along a Big Thicket River Valley (Sitton 1995); The Big Thicket: An Ecological Reevaluation (Gunter 1993); and many others. NOMENCLATURE GUIDE TO NOMENCLATURE/INTRODUCTION 17 Nomenclature, including authorities, largely follows A Synonymized Checklist and Atlas with Biological Attributes for the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland (Kartesz 1999), unless specifically indicated otherwise. A significant exception is that nomenclature for ferns and other pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and selected angiosperms follows the recent treatments in Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993, 1997, 2000, 2002a, 2002b, 2003, ined.). Further, in a number of cases indicated in the treatments, nomenclature follows recent taxonomic works or the Vascular Plants of Texas (Jones et al. 1997). While the decision as to which source or sources to follow for nomenclature was not an easy one, in our minds the advantages of a standard source outweighed the advantages of other possible choices. Thus, only in instances where more recent works have been followed or where we believe biological reality or clarity is compromised by nomenclature do we differ from Kartesz. Unless other varieties or subspecies are specifically mentioned in the text, the type variety or subspecies is assumed. Following the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al. 2000), the scientific name of each species (or variety or subspecies) is followed by the authority, i.e., the author(s) who originally published that name. If the name has been transferred to a different genus or rank, the name of the original author is placed in parentheses, followed by the name of the author(s) who made the transfer. For example, Erythraea calycosa Buckley was originally named by Samuel B. Buckley. Later, Merritt L. Fernald transferred the species to the genus Centaurium, with the correct citation becoming Centaurium calycosum (Buckley) Fernald. In some cases, the word “ex” inserted between the names of authors (e.g., Hydrolea ovata Nutt. ex Choisy) indicates that an author (such as Choisy) published a new species (or variety or subspecies) based on a name attributed to but not validly published by another author (in this case Nuttall). Abbreviations for authorities of scientific names follow Brummitt and Powell (1992), which is now widely considered the standard for such abbreviations. Nomenclatural change is inevitable as more is learned about various plant groups (see Appendix 7). These changes, especially when involving well known species, can be particularly irritating to professional and amateur botanists, as well as to others wanting to know correct scientific names. In order to avoid confusion regarding name changes, limited synonymy is provided. In particular, some superseded names used in Mahler (1988), Correll and Johnston (1970), and Hatch et al. (1990) are listed as synonyms. Other synonyms are given to help clarify nomenclature or for general interest. However, no attempt is made to give complete synonymy. For detailed synonymy for Texas plants see Jones et al. (1997) and Kartesz (1999). For a discussion of the current controversy involving botanical nomenclature and for information on our general approach see Appendix 6 or Diggs and Lipscomb (2002).
18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS Pronunciation of scientific names is somewhat arbitrary. As Hoshizaki and Moran (2001) indicated, “No one knows exactly how Latin was pronounced, and even in the heyday of the Roman Empire several dialects were probably spoken in different regions. So who’s to say who’s right? The best advice is to pronounce the names as the people around you do. When someone presumes to correct your pronunciation, a knowing smile is the appropriate response.” Based on personal experience, we know that professional botanists trained at different institutions in the U.S. often pronounce scientific names quite differently. Pronunciation of scientific names outside the U.S. varies even more. While some pronunciations are standard, or at least widely accepted, it is our belief that encouraging individuals to use scientific names (even if pronounced creatively) is always more important than some unattainable desire for consistency. Common names are included in the treatments and in the index, enabling the identification of plants for which little other information is available. These names have been obtained from a variety of literature sources (particularly Reid 1951, Hatch et al. 1990, and Kartesz 1999); none have been manufactured for this publication. Caution is advised for the use of common names—often the same plant has many common names, and even worse, sometimes a number of very different plants may share the same common name. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS County distribution maps are given for nearly all species. Most are from or slightly modified (e.g., based on additional collections and different taxonomic interpretations) from those in the Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Texas (Turner et al. 2003). Maps for the genus Carex (Cyperaceae) were provided by Stanley D. Jones. For a number of species not included in Turner et al. (2003), maps are based on herbarium specimens from a variety of Texas herbaria. In a few instances where a species is reported in the scientific literature only for a vegetational area (e.g., Pineywoods) or for which no specific county record is known, no map is provided. Likewise, for a few species added after map pages for the flora were completed, no county distribution map is given. The maps are grouped together on full pages and are as close to the description of a species as possible, typically within a few pages. In addition, for some taxa with limited known geographic distributions within East Texas, individual counties from which voucher specimens have been collected are cited in the text using standard herbarium abbreviations (following Holmgren et al. 2004) for the institutions where the specimens are deposited (see section on Abbreviations and Symbols later in this introduction). Many of these citations refer to the BRIT herbarium (Botanical Research Institute of Texas, including SMU and VDB), the second largest herbarium in the state. Specimens in the private collections of G. Diggs and R. O’Kennon that are being processed for deposit at BRIT are also cited as BRIT. Specimens from other herbaria, particularly ASTC (Stephen F. Austin State University), BAYLU (Baylor University), SBSC (Spring Branch Science Center—Houston), SHST (Sam Houston State University), TAES (S.M. Tracy Herbarium, Texas A&M University), TAMU (Biology Department Herbarium, Texas A&M University), and TEX (University of Texas at Austin—the largest herbarium in Texas), are also frequently cited. Records supplied by Jack Stanford of Howard Payne University are indicated by the herbarium abbreviation HPC, and collections by Stanley Jones of the Botanical Research Center Herbarium are indicated by BRCH. A more general distribution within Texas usually follows the counties listed; examples include: “Pineywoods and Post Oak Savannah,” “Blackland Prairie s and w to w Texas,” and “nearly throughout TX.” Following the Texas distribution, the distribution of each species in North America north of Mexico is given. These ranges generally follow Kartesz (1999), unless more accurate data was available in specific cases (e.g., from Flora of North America volumes).
Page 1 and 2: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
Page 3 and 4: ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
Page 5 and 6: We would like to recognize and expr
Page 7 and 8: ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
Page 9 and 10: “DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
Page 11 and 12: Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
Page 13 and 14: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
Page 15 and 16: TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
Page 17 and 18: Hymenocallis liriosme
Page 19 and 20: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
Page 21 and 22: 4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
Page 27 and 28: 10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
Page 29 and 30: 12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
Page 31 and 32: 14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
Page 33: 16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
Page 37 and 38: 20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
Page 39 and 40: 22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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Page 43 and 44: 26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
Page 45 and 46: 28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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Page 49 and 50: 32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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Page 65 and 66: 48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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68 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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