ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/INTRODUCTION 29 Jim Williams, Joseph Wipff, Alan Wong, Lindsay Woodruff, Joe Yelderman, Kay Yatskievych, and Jim Zarucchi. We would particularly like to recognize the assistance, encouragement, and friendship of John Steele (1918–2004), a former Army Corps of Engineers research biologist and long-time volunteer in the BRIT library. Recognition goes also to the numerous individuals who have collected specimens in the East Texas region during more than one hundred and fifty years. Early collections are housed in herbaria such as ASTC, BRIT (including SMU and VDB), SBSC, TAES, TAMU, and TEX (including LL and RUNYON) and represent irreplaceable windows to a time before the vegetation of the area was radically altered. While not all collectors can be recognized here, specimens collected by the following have been of particular importance in allowing the completion of this work: Geyata Ajilvsgi (previously Peggy Amerson), Edwin Bridges, Larry Brown, M.D. (Bud) Bryant, William Carr, Donovan Correll, Victor Cory, Sally Crosthwaite, Delzie Demaree, George Diggs, Gus A. Engeling, Harold Gentry, Joe Hennen, Walter Holmes, Stanley Jones, Eric Keith, Robert Kral, Barney Lipscomb, Cyrus Lundell, William Mahler, William McCart, Barbara MacRoberts, Michael MacRoberts, Amanda Neill, Guy Nesom, Elray Nixon, Robert O’Kennon, Steve Orzell, Harris B. Parks, Jeff Quayle, Monique Reed, Julien Reverchon, Chester Rowell, Laura Sanchez, Christine Sanders, Lloyd Shinners, Jason Singhurst, Betsy Smith, John Sperry, Jack Stanford, Thomas Starbuck, Connie Taylor, John Taylor, R. Dale Thomas, Billie Turner, Geraldine Watson, Eula Whitehouse, and numerous students at colleges and universities in the area, including Austin College, Baylor University, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Sam Houston State University, Southern Methodist University, Stephen F. Austin State University, Texas A&M University, and the University of Texas at Austin. Geiser (1936, 1939, 1948a) gave historical information on a number of the early collectors. Color photographs are by Paul Martin Brown, George Bruso, Scooter Cheatham, Ben Cox, Andrew Crosthwaite, George Diggs, Norman Flaigg, Heinz Gaylord, Robert George, Stanley & Gretchen Jones, Eric Keith, Joe Liggio, Campbell & Lynn Loughmiller, Robert O’Kennon, Steve Orzell, Julia Sanders, James Van Kley, Albert Vick, and Cole Weatherby; in the section on color photographs, following the name of each species, a three letter code in brackets is given to designate the photographer (see page 22). Additionally, the photograph in the table of contents is by David Gibson. An important debt of gratitude is owed to innumerable landowners who kindly allowed access to their property. Thanks also to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, The Nature Conservancy of Texas, the Natural Areas Preservation Association, Austin College, and the U.S. Army for allowing access to the properties under their stewardship. Individuals who found errors in Shinners & Mahler’s Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas (Diggs et al. 1999) are thanked for their efforts. Since there is significant overlap in species between that volume and this one, many of the errors found have been corrected here. Also, because of overlap between the two floras, all individuals assisting with the North Central Texas flora are thanked again here. Additional individuals who contributed to Shinners’ Manual of the North Central Texas Flora (Mahler 1988), a partial precursor of the present volume, should also be recognized. These include Geyata Ajilvsgi, Gerald Arp, Barry Comeaux, Charlotte Daugirda, Victor Engel, Kathie Parker, Andrea McFadden, Jane Molpus, Ann Nurre, Tami Sanger, Harriet Schools, and numerous students who have used earlier versions of either Shinners’ or Mahler’s works. This project is part of the ongoing collaboration between the Austin College Center for Environmental Studies and the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Without the support of both institutions it would not have been possible. Thanks to Austin College; Oscar Page,
30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE President; Michael Imhoff, Vice President for Academic Affairs; Peter Schulze, Director of the Center for Environmental Studies; and the Austin College Board of Trustees and Robert J. Wright, its Chairman. We are also grateful to the Botanical Research Institute of Texas; S.H. Sohmer, Director; and the BRIT Board of Trustees; David Niven, its previous Chairman; and Tim McKinney, its current Chairman. We also wish to express our thanks to the founding organizations of BRIT: Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Gardens, Inc.; Fort Worth Botanical Society; Fort Worth Garden Club; Fort Worth Park and Recreation Department; Southern Methodist University; and Texas Garden Club, Inc. Financial support for this work has come from a number of sources—these are listed on the contributors’ pages near the beginning of the book. Without their generosity this project would not have been possible. We would like to thank those individuals who gave us our taxonomic training, including Gary Breckon, Mickey Cooper, Gustav Hall, Stephan Hatch, Hugh Iltis, Marshall Johnston, Robert Kowal, William Mahler, James Manhart, Michael Nee, James Phipps, Benny Simpson, Edwin Smith, John Thomson, Donna Ware, Hugh Wilson, Barton Warnock, and Robert Ziegler. Finally, thanks to our parents, Helen and Minor Diggs, Jack and Christa Lipscomb, Robert and Elizabeth O’Kennon, and Maurice and Louise Dubrule, as well as George Diggs’ partner, Kerry Brock, and Monique Reed’s husband, David Reed. AUTHORS’ NOTE In a work such as this, it is inevitable that omissions and errors, both large and small, escape attention. Because of the possibility of future editions, we would appreciate corrections, suggestions, or additions from individuals using the book. Also, as part of the Illustrated Texas Floras Project (a collaborative effort between the Austin College Center for Environmental Studies and BRIT), we are currently working on Volumes 2 and 3 (Dicots) of the Illustrated Flora of East Texas. Corrections or suggestions can thus be incorporated in those volumes. In addition, there is the possibility of illustrated floras for other regions of Texas, such as the Edwards Plateau or Plains Country. For all of these projects, corrections and suggestions regarding the present volume would be very helpful. Such information can be sent to: George M. Diggs, Jr Barney L. Lipscomb Monique D. Reed Robert J. O’Kennon gdiggs@austincollege.edu barney@brit.org monique@mail.bio.tamu.edu okennon@brit.org Also, we hope that this book will spur additional interest in, and collecting of, plants in East Texas. Plant specimens, particularly county, regional, or state records would be much appreciated and can be deposited at a number of herbaria in the state (see Appendix 9 for contact information) including: BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS HERBARIUM (BRIT) 509 PECAN STREET, FORT WORTH, TX 76102-4060 PHONE: 817/332-4441; WWW.BRIT.ORG Such specimens will be important scientific contributions, will have permanent protection, and will be important resources for the future (Prather et al. 2004a, 2004b). Records of dicot collections will be included in Volumes 2 and 3 (Dicots) of the Illustrated Flora of East Texas, currently in preparation. Information on proper collecting techniques can be found in Appendix 8.
Page 1 and 2: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
Page 3 and 4: ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
Page 5 and 6: We would like to recognize and expr
Page 7 and 8: ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
Page 9 and 10: “DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
Page 11 and 12: Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
Page 13 and 14: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
Page 15 and 16: TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
Page 17 and 18: Hymenocallis liriosme
Page 19 and 20: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
Page 21 and 22: 4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
Page 27 and 28: 10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
Page 29 and 30: 12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
Page 31 and 32: 14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
Page 33 and 34: 16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
Page 35 and 36: 18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
Page 37 and 38: 20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
Page 39 and 40: 22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
Page 41 and 42: 24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
Page 43 and 44: 26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
Page 45: 28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
Page 49 and 50: 32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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Page 65 and 66: 48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
Page 67 and 68: 50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
Page 77 and 78: 60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
Page 83 and 84: 66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Page 95 and 96: 78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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110 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY AND SOILS
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112 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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114 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, FIRE, AND T
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116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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118 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF POST
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124 INTRODUCTION/CONDITIONS TODAY O
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128 INTRODUCTION/RED RIVER AREA are
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130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
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132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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134 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT AND
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144 INTRODUCTION/VEGETATION OF BLAC
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146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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148 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
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152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
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154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
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156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
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158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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160 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF
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172 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DEFINITION
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184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
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190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
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200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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