ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS - Brit - Botanical Research ...

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NATURAL HISTORY OF BIG THICKET/INTRODUCTION 161 FIG.90/MCLEOD’S ECOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF THE BIG THICKET (FROM MCLEOD [1972], THE BIG THICKET FOREST OF EASTERN TEXAS:A BRIEF HISTORICAL BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL REPORT.SAM HOUSTON STATE UNIV., HUNTSVILLE,TX).NOTE THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE “UPPER” AND “LOWER” THICKET.
162 INTRODUCTION/NATURAL HISTORY OF BIG THICKET (pers. comm.) points out that beech does occur in the Lance Rosier Unit of the Big Thicket National Preserve in the “lower thicket.” While McLeod’s ecological definition seems the most accurate way of generally delineating the Big Thicket, many other strikingly different vegetation types (e.g., xeric sandylands, baygalls) are interspersed throughout his “loblolly pinewhite oak-beech-magnolia forest.” These have been variously classified by subsequent authorities as follows. Watson’s (1975) early work divided the Big Thicket into seven plant communities: 1) Prairie; 2) Palmetto-hardwood flats; 3) Stream floodplains (subdivided into Lower bottomland and Upper bottomland); 4) Arid sandyland; 5) Acid bog-baygall; 6) Longleaf pinelands (subdivided into Longleaf pine uplands and Pine savannah wetlands); and 7) Beech-magnolia-loblolly pine association. The National Park Service (based in part on Watson) recognized 10 ecosystems in the Big Thicket National Preserve: Baygall, Beechmagnolia-loblolly, Cypress slough, Longleaf pine upland, Oak-gum floodplain, Palmettohardwood flats, Pine savannah wetlands, River edge, Roadside, and Arid sandylands (Peacock 1994). Ajilvsgi (1979, also based in part on Watson) distinguished nine communities: Mixed-grass prairies, Palmetto-oak flats, Sweet gum-oak floodplains, Bay-gallberry holly bogs, Longleaf-black-gum savannahs, Longleaf-bluestem uplands, Beech-magnolialoblolly slopes, Oak-farkleberry sandylands, and Roadsides. Marks and Harcombe (1981) recognized four broad types and subdivided them as follows: Uplands (Sandhill pine forest, Upland pine forest, Wetland pine savannah), Slopes (Upper slope pine oak forest, Mid slope oak pine forest, Lower slope hardwood pine forest), Floodplains (Floodplain hardwood pine forest, Floodplain hardwood forest, Wetland baygall shrub thicket, Swamp cypress tupelo forest), and Flatlands (Flatland hardwood forest). While the terms used in each of these systems are descriptive and, in general, accurate in portraying the vegetational diversity present, plant ecologists currently give these communities different names more readily allowing comparison to communities in other geographic areas (see page 90 for a detailed classification and discussion of Pineywoods vegetation). VARIABLES INFLUENCING THE VEGETATION—The plant life of the region is the result of complex interactions between a number of often highly related factors, including geological ones (e.g., type of parent material, topography, soils, hydrology), climate, succession, and fire. Though rainfall is heavy throughout the Big Thicket (Parent 1993) and well-distributed through the year—the difference between the driest and wettest months being only 5 cm (2 inches) (Marks & Harcombe 1981)—relatively small differences in topography and different parent materials and soils produce a striking diversity of vegetation types. The importance of soils in influencing Big Thicket vegetation is reflected by the following statement by Harcombe et al. (1993). “Most of this area is covered by closed forests which vary in structure and species composition along a soil texture gradient” [italics ours]. While a mosaic of vegetation can be found nearly throughout the Big Thicket, certain plant communities are much more common in some areas than in others. In the far north, on the Oligocene Catahoula and Miocene Fleming geologic formations, areas of “barrens” and small isolated prairies are found, as well as hardwood-dominated ravines and areas of upland longleaf pine. Limited areas of Wet Herbaceous Seeps (“hanging bogs”) often form when the impenetrable Catahoula Formation is overlain by more porous layers. In contrast, where the calcareous (and thus basic) Fleming outcrops at the surface, there are unusual occurrences of calciphilic (= calcium-loving) plants in certain localities in Jasper and Newton counties (Bridges & Orzell 1989a; J. Liggio, pers. comm.). A little to the south, the younger (late Tertiary, Pliocene), sandy Willis Formation (e.g., near Woodville) has eroded to form rolling topography and permeable, well-drained, but often relatively moist, rich, sandy soils. The increased soil moisture and relatively dissected topography apparently allow more fire-susceptible vegetation to survive here. The result is
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS
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ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK BATTERBAE,
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We would like to recognize and expr
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ISSN 0833-1475 ISBN 1-889878-12-X S
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“DEEP EAST TEXAS IS AN OLD, QUIET
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Elray S. Nixon E lray Nixon was bor
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS TAB
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TABLE OFCONTENTS/ PAGE APPENDICES A
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Hymenocallis liriosme
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ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS OVE
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4 INTRODUCTION/GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF E
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10 INTRODUCTION/MAJOR RIVERS OF EAS
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12 INTRODUCTION/PLANTS TREATED The
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14 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ARRANGEMEN
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16 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO SOURCES OF
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18 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHIC
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20 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ENDANGERED
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22 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO GLOSSARY,
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24 INTRODUCTION/GUIDE TO ABBREVIATI
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26 INTRODUCTION/SUMMARY DATA ON FLO
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28 INTRODUCTION/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kar
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30 INTRODUCTION/AUTHORS’ NOTE Pre
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32 INTRODUCTION/GENERAL GEOLOGY OF
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46 INTRODUCTION/SOILS SOIL ORDER DE
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48 INTRODUCTION/SOILS, EAST TEXAS B
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50 INTRODUCTION/SOIL-RELATED GEOLOG
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60 INTRODUCTION/SOILS OF BLACKLAND
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66 INTRODUCTION/CLIMATE OF EAST TEX
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Forests define East Texas, and to a
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78 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF PINEYWOO
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80 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT, EARL
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88 INTRODUCTION/PRESETTLEMENT VEGET
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90 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT VEGETATION
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106 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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108 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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Page 133 and 134: 116 INTRODUCTION/ PRESETTLEMENT, EA
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Page 143 and 144: 126 INTRODUCTION/POST OAK SAVANNAH
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Page 147 and 148: 130 INTRODUCTION/BLACKLAND PRAIRIE
Page 149 and 150: 132 INTRODUCTION/GEOLOGY OF BLACKLA
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Page 163 and 164: 146 INTRODUCTION/FUTURE OF BLACKLAN
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Page 167 and 168: 150 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE LOCATIO
Page 169 and 170: 152 INTRODUCTION/CADDO LAKE FIG.84/
Page 171 and 172: 154 INTRODUCTION/PRESENT AND FUTURE
Page 173 and 174: 156 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET THE BI
Page 175 and 176: 158 INTRODUCTION/BIG THICKET GEOGRA
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Page 201 and 202: 184 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BIG THI
Page 207 and 208: 190 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN BI
Page 217 and 218: 200 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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212 INTRODUCTION/ORIGIN AND DIVERSI
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228 INTRODUCTION/CONSERVATION IN EA
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234 INTRODUCTION/HISTORY OF BOTANY
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244 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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246 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY IN NORTH CE
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248 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT UNIVERSI
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250 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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252 INTRODUCTION/BOTANY AT TEXAS A&
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254 INTRODUCTION/OTHER CONTRIBUTION
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256 INTRODUCTION/CURRENT BOTANICAL
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258 INTRODUCTION/BOTANICAL ART IN E
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