Longman Dictionary of

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notation
the speech of those people who are considered as models for others to
copy. In a nation in which many different DIALECTs are spoken, a
NATIONAL LANGUAGE may be developed and a normative grammar and
dictionary produced.
see also PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR, STANDARD VARIETY
notation n notate v
also transcription
the use of symbols (see PHONETIC SYMBOLS) to show sounds or sound
sequences in written form. There are different systems of phonetic symbols.
One of the most commonly used is that of the International Phonetic
Association.
A distinction is made between two types of notation:
1 Phonemic notation uses only the distinctive sounds of a language
(PHONEMEs). It does not show the finer points of pronunciation.
Phonemic notation is written within slanting brackets.
For example, the English word foot may appear in phonemic notation
as /fÁt/. /f/, /Á/, and /t/ are phonemes of English. Phonemic notation may
be used, for example:
a for languages which have no writing system of their own
b for teaching purposes, to show differences in pronunciation, e.g. /hed/
head and /hæt/ hat.
2 Phonetic notation (also phonetic script) uses phonetic symbols for various
sounds, including symbols to show in detail how a particular sound
is pronounced. It is used to show finer points of pronunciation.
Phonetic notation is written in square brackets. For example, the
English word pin may appear in phonetic notation as [p≠∂n] with the
raised h showing the ASPIRATION of the [p].
In phonemic notation, pin would be rendered as /p∂n/.
Phonetic notation may be used, for example:
a to show the different pronunciation of closely related dialects
b to show the pronunciation of individual speakers or groups of speakers.
For example, students learning English may use a DENTAL
t-sound, shown by [t[], instead of the ALVEOLAR [t] commonly used in
English.
Phonemic notation is sometimes referred to as broad notation and phonetic
notation as narrow notation.
see also INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
notetaking n
also notemaking
while reading or listening, the writing down of main points, reactions,
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