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HOW RECKONED<br />

which there were only vague plans. The Parlement made an exception for a<br />

small number of serious new works on scholastic philosophy of which Jean<br />

Granjon, one of the university's libraries jures, was in each case joint or sole<br />

publisher: it specified that the first (PA 1509, 3) should run 'depuys le jour<br />

qu'il sera acheve de imprimer', the second, for two books (PA 1516, 8), 'a<br />

commencer au jour qu'ilz seront parachevez de imprimer', and later<br />

(PA 1517, 6) directing that the grant should be reckoned 'a commencer du<br />

jour que lesdicts livres seront paracheves de imprimer'. The 1517 publication<br />

was a massive work, nothing less than the Reportata or lectures of Duns Scotus<br />

on the four books of the Sentences, edited by three leading philosophers of the<br />

Paris Faculty of Theology. Each of the four parts constituted a large folio<br />

volume, separately dated, and it was well into the following year before<br />

Granjon had completed the whole undertaking. The Parlement was probably<br />

able to inspect the edited manuscript from which Granjon proposed to print,<br />

and perhaps specimens of the printed pages of the first volume. It is<br />

understandable that the Parlement should make a special concession for a<br />

publication of such importance to all students of scholastic philosophy, which<br />

would be slow and costly to produce.<br />

Another exceptional case was the privilege granted by the Parlement to<br />

Fradin on 20<br />

Constantin Fradin of Lyon (PA 1520, 2). This was obtained by<br />

December 1520, and it specified that his term of two years should run from the<br />

year 1521 ('jusques au terme de deux ans commengant a 1'an mille cinq cens<br />

.xxi.'). Fradin could well have pleaded that, as he had to travel back to Lyon<br />

in mid-winter, and would not be able to begin printing until the Christmas<br />

holidays were over, it would be a serious diminution of his grant to insist on<br />

as two books were included in the<br />

reckoning it from 20 December, especially<br />

privilege. The Parlement probably meant 1521 o.s. which would give him<br />

until Easter (20 April 1521). And in fact one of them, the Arismethique of<br />

Etienne de La Roche, was not completed until 2 June. The 'package' privilege<br />

obtained by Claude Chevallon (PA 1519, 4) was to run 'jusques a deux ans<br />

finiz et accompliz, a commencer du jour que ledit livre sera acheve de<br />

imprimer' in the case of each book. But for this provision, the privilege would<br />

have expired before all the books had been published, for the last did not come<br />

out until 1523, though Chevallon may well have been able to show them all in<br />

manuscript to the Parlement in 1519. The Parlement also allowed Badius and<br />

Petit to reckon their privilege for the works of Hugh of St Victor from the date<br />

when tKe book should be completed ('jusques a deux ans a compter du jour<br />

qu'ilz seront parachevez'), which to some extent made up for the reduction of<br />

its duration from the six years requested by the publishers to two years<br />

(PA 1526, 2). These concessions did not signal a change of policy on the part<br />

of the Parlement. Simon de Colines asked in an application in 1524 for a<br />

privilege to run 'jusques a deux ans apres ladicte impression parachevee'<br />

(PA 1524, 10), and again in 1525 (PA 1525, 8): on both occasions the<br />

127

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