1 The Birth of Science - MSRI

1.1 The Removal of the Scientific Revolution 3
out of history. In his case the mechanism is opposite the one used for
Archimedes: instead of being depicted in legend and in anecdotes, he is
offered to us without any historical context, laying down “Euclidean geometry”
as if it were something that had always been there at mankind’s
disposal. If you are not convinced of this, try asking your friends what
century Euclid lived in. Very few will answer correctly, in spite of having
studied “Euclidean geometry” for several years. 5 And yet Euclid has been
one of the most read authors in the history of humanity; his most famous
work, the Elements, has been studied without interruption for twenty-two
hundred years: from 300 B.C. to the end of the nineteenth century. Probably
there is no author as well-studied (though not at first hand nowadays)
about whom we know so little in general.
Another mechanism leading to the removal of Hellenistic civilization,
and particularly of the century of greatest scientific development, the third
century B.C., is the vague attribution of results, especially scientific or
technological, to “the Ancients”. For example: one always says that the
diameter of the Earth was measured “in Antiquity”, that “the Ancients”
discovered the principle of hydrostatic pressure, that the organ goes back
“to Antiquity”, that Copernicus had a precursor “in Antiquity”. Further
on we will discuss many other examples.
The difficulty one experiences in trying to frame historically the facts
and individuals of the third century B.C. is closely connected to our pro- page 24
found ignorance of that period, which has been almost obliterated from
history.
First of all, there remains no sustained historical account of the period
between 301 B.C. (when the extant part of the work of Diodorus Siculus
breaks off 6 ) and 221 B.C. (the beginning of Polybius’s Histories). Not only
do we have no historical works from the Hellenistic period, but even the
work of Livy is missing the second ten books, which contained the period
from 292 to 219 B.C. The tradition preserved the history of classical
Greece and that of the rise of Rome — the periods that remained cultural
reference points in the late Empire and in the Middle Ages, whereas the
history of the century of scientific revolution was forgotten with the return
of civilization to a prescientific stage.
Secondly, almost all writings of the time have been lost. The civilization
that handed down to us, among so many intellectual achievements,
the very idea of libraries and of the zealous preservation of the thinking
of the past, was erased together with its works. We have a few scientific
5
This at least is the result of a little personal survey conducted among my friends and colleagues.
6
At the end of Book XX of the Bibliotheca historica; of later books we have only fragments.
Revision: 1.15 Date: 2002/09/12 02:47:10