A Manual of the Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds

THE CARBON C0MP0UNV8 9
Homologous Series of Alcohols. Homologous Series of Amines.
CJL.OH Butyl Alcohol. C4B^.NH8 Butylamine.
CBHU.OH Pentyl AlcohoL CBHU.:NB2 Pentylamine.
C6H18.OH Hexyl AlcohoL OjHjj.NHg Hexylamine.
The oxygen of the alcohols may be replaced by sulphur or other
dyad elements, and the nitrogen of the amines by other triads, as
phosphorus, aisenio, &c.
In the alcohols, two atoms of hydrogen are easily replaced by one
atom of oxygen, and thus the following homologous series of monobasic
acids is formed:—
COH. OH . Formio Acid. C4OIL. OH . Butyric Acid.
CJOHJ . OH . Acetic Acid. C6OH9. OH . Valerianic Acid.
CgOH6. OH . Propionio Acid. CgOB^,. OH . Caproic Acid.
These acids contain the group hydroxyl OH combined -with an
oxygenated radical, which, like the alcohol radicals, form a large
number of compounds such as—
Acotaldehyde. Acetyl Chloride.
CaOH8.H C2OH8.C1
Acetamide. Thiacetio Acid.
OjOHg.NHjj C20H8.SH
From the hydrocarbons which contain less hydrogen than those of
the first group, similar compounds are derived:—
Propone. Allyl Alcohol. ' Allyl Chloride. Allylamhte.
CJHJ C8H6.OH CjH^Cl CgHj.N^
Aoiylaldchydo. Acrylic Acid.
C8OHg.H C8OH8.OH
y Those compounds, in which two atoms of carbon are linked
together by more than one of their combining \mits, possess the
characteristic property of being easily transformed into compounds
in which the oarhon atoms are joined together in as simple a manner
as in the methane series. Thus ethine combines with hydrogen to
form first ethene, whioh hydrocarbon, by taking up another molecule
of hydrogen, is converted into ethane >—
g 4 s a 0
Ry the same reaction, allyl compounds yield compounds of the
propyl series:— CSH5.OH +HS!«CSH-.OH
Ca0H3. OH + H8 - C8O H6. OH
Such compounds combine more easily still with the elements of
the chlorine group:—-
The hydrocarbons of the ethene series behave therefore like dyad
radicals; their chlorides, &c., can also be obtained by substituting