A Manual of the Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds

Water . . .
Formic Acid .
Ethyl Alcohol.
Acetone. . .
Mercaptan . .
Aniline . . .
Acetonitrile .
Ethyl Nitrate.
Chloroform
Bromine . .
Ethene Bromide
Ethyl Iodide .
THE GABBON COMPOUNDS
SPECIFIC VOLUME AT TUB BOILING POINT.
H,0 .
COH.OH
CJJELOH
CO(CH,)2
C0H6.NH2
C2H6.CN
C2H6NO3
CHCL .
Br . . .
C2H4Br4 .
C2H6I .
Fouml
18-8 . 2
41-8 .11
62-5 . 2
77-6 . 3
76-1 . 2
106-8 . 6
77-2 . 3
901
84-8. 11
28-1 .
990 . 2
86-4 . 2
37
Calculated.
X 5-5+7-8
= 18-8
+ 2 x 5-5 + 7-8 +12-2 = 420
x 11 + 6 x 5-5 + 78 = 62-8
x 11+6 x 5-5+12-2 = 78-2
x 11+6 x 5-5+23 = 78-0
x 11 + 7 x 5-5 + 2-3 = = LO6-8
x 11 +5 x 5-5 + 17 = 77-5
x 11 + 5 x 5-5 + 3)
x 78+ 174. • .J
= 90-3
+ 5-5 + 3 x 22-8 = 84-9
= 27-8
x 11 + 4 x 5-5+27-8 = 996
xll + 5x 5-5 + 37-5 = 87-0
There exist also certain relations between the specific gravity and
the molecular weights of solids, hut only a few carbon compounds
have been stndied as yet in this direction.
Melting Point and Soiling Point.—The nunVber of carbon compounds
which are gaseous at the ordinary temperature is very limited,
most of them being liquids or solids. A great number of solids melt
on heating, and most of the liquids boil and volatilize; but there
exist also many which undergo a chemical change by the action of
heat, decomposition taking place and the molecule being broken up,
with the formation of a smaller or larger number of new compounds.
Generally speaking a body is tbe more volatile the more simple
the constitation of the molecule, and the more complicated the latter
is, the more liable is the compound to be decomposed by heat. Thus
formaldehyde CH2O is a gas; of its polymerides acetic acid C2H4O2
boils at 118°, lactic acid CaHBOs volatilizes at 200°, but at the same
time a large proportion undergoes decomposition, whilst grape sugar
CUHJJO,, is not volatile at all, but is completely destroyed at a high
temperature.
The more volatile a substauce is the more simple is its constitution,
from which follows that, in homologous series, the boiling-point must
rise with every increase of CH2; hi some cases this increase is very
regulat, although different in different scries, as the following examples
show:—-
NORMM ALCOHOLS.
Ethyl
Propyl
Butyl
Peutyl
Hexyl
Heptyl
Octyl
.
C,H8O .
04HwO .
C6HKO .
CjIT^O .
C8H18O .
Observed.
. . 78-4° .
. . 97
. . lie
. . 137
. . 156-6 .
. —
. . 192
Calculated.
. 78-4°. .
. 97 . .
.116 . .
. 135 . .
.154 . .
.173 . .
.192 . .
Diflcrc
, —
. 19
. 19
. 19
. 19
. 19
. 19