A Manual of the Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds

10 THE CHEMISTRY OF
two atoms of chlorine for hydrogen ia the members of the methane
series:—
DSSSESSL.
2C18» 08H6Clg + 2HC1
The chlorine or bromine in these compounds can, as is the case
with the chlorides of the monad radicals, be displaced by other elements
or radicals, and thus we obtain alcohols, amines, &c, of dyad
radicals:—
Ethene Alcohol. Ethene-diamine.
H
0H P T /
If two atoms of chlorine are replaced by one atom of oxygen, the
oxides of these dyad radicals are obtained, and by the substitution of
oxygen for hydrogen in the alcohols, acids are formed containing
oxygenated dyad radicals:—
Ethene Oxide. Ethane Alcohol. Olycollic Acid. Oxalic Acid.
The hydrocarbons of the ethine series can either combine with
two or with four atoms of chlorine, and play the part of dyad as well
as of tetrad radicals.
In other compounds we have to assume the existence of triad,
pentad, hexad, &&, radicals. Thus glycerin C.H6(OH)8 is the alcohol
of the radical propenyl CgHj, which contains three atoms of hydrogen
less than propane, and is therefore a triad radical in which the carhon
atoms are linked together exactly as they are in propane; whilst in
the monad radical allyl, which has the same composition as propenyl,
the carbon atoms are combined in the same manner as in propene
CgHfl. Propenyl and allyl compounds are nearly related to the propyl
and propene compounds, and from a member of one group, compounds
belonging to another group may be easily obtained. Thus, by the
action of chlorine upon propane the chloride's of propyl, propene, and
propenyl are formed :—
C8H8+ Cl3 = C8H7Cl +HC1
8 8 + 8 8 a 8 f
C8H8 + SClj = C^Cl, + 3HC1
When propyl alcohol is heated with sulphuric acid, propene and
water are prodnced:—
By the action of iodine and phosphorus on glycerin, allyl iodide is
formed :—
fOH
C3H5] OH + P + I - C8H6I + P0sH,
(OH