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NSfK’s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 families. The reports say that these men 'have enough firearms' such as automatic pistols and revolvers. This discussion is also encouraged by a study by Thomas Haaland and Inger Lise Lien (1998) on groups or 'gangs' among young, mostly immigrant people in Oslo. These are conflicting groups, and serious incidents of violence have occurred between these kinds of groups before (for one such incident, see Guri Larsen 1992). This winter the police have also pointed out violence in homes and families directed towards women and children, as a major concern (Dagsavisen 4.2.98). For a long time researchers and women's organisations have considered this kind of violence as serious acts on the grounds that they often lead to serious physical harm, are repeated, may last for years, are often combined with psychological humiliation, and the victims are reluctant to go to the police. What is worth noting is that also the police place this kind of violence high up on their list of concerns. ii) concerns when the reported numbers go down The numbers of reported sexual offences went down in 1995: The numbers of rapes investigated by the police were both in 1992 and 1993: 360, in 1995: 309, which is a decrease by 14%. More seriously it was seen that the numbers of rape reported to the police decreased; and even more seriously that also the number of sanctions for rapes went down by half from 75 in 1991 till 36 in 1995 (SSB 95, t. 36). The number of reactions for rapes in 1997 were even lower, by 30 cases (SSB 1997). These decreases resulted in serious concerns from several groups who were anxious that women would from now report even fewer cases of rape than before. To improve the position of women, women's organisations and a political party, SV,5 made a proposal to define as illegal 'unintentional rape', to make it possible to sentence men who today may plead not guilty, saying they did not understand the refusals and resistance from the victim, and may be believed, at least in a lower court (Dagbladet 27.1.1997)6. But this proposal has as yet not gained much support.7 Last year there has been an increase in the number of rapes reported to the police: In the first 3 months of 1998 109 rapes have been reported to the police, compared to 86 reports during the first three months of 97 (SSB 1998). Also when it comes to incest and sexual abuse towards children under 14/16 years, there have been concerns that the number of cases reported to the police have declined recently. This happened after a case in Bjugn where a number of persons were reported for sexual abuse against children, but none found guilty. The numbers of incest and sexual abuse towards children under 14/16 years reported to the police, and investigated by the police have gone down from 1991 till 1995: 5 SV, Sosialistisk Venstreparti; The Socialistic Left Party 6 According to the report in the newspaper, the majority of the courts found that a 52 year old man committed for trial had used force when he forced the 18 year old woman to have sexual intercourse with him, but that he did not ‘understand ’ that the girl tried to avoid this from happening. At the same time the man was convicted to pay the woman NOK 40.000 as compensation for her suffering. 7 Also another topic has recently occurred connected to cases of rape: A man brought to court charged with rape, has, before the penal-law-case was completed - reported the woman to the civil court on charge of libel. 108
eported to the police: sexual abuse towards incest: children under 14/16 years: 1991 168 607 1995 111 393 investigated by the police: sexual abuse towards incest: children under 14/16 years: 1991 103 322 1995 88 397 NSfK’s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 In 1992 the concerns about incest led to an increase in the maximum punishment up to 21 years of imprisonment for serious crimes of incest. This is the highest possible punishment in Norway (Andenæs 1994). Not only penal measures What is important to note, though not particular to rape and sexual abuse against children, is that measures have also been taken with the intention to help and cure, directed towards both the offended and the offender. This means that at the same time as 'The Norwegian society' sees these acts or happenings as crimes, suitable tasks for the police, courts and prisons, - we also see them as accidents that need to be mended or helped - beyond moral indignation and punishment. For victims there are several self-help-centres: - Women's shelters (Krisesentre) for women who have been battered or raped. Today there are such shelters in all but 66 municipalities. In 1995 4000 women and children spent in total 74000 nights in the shelters (Aftenposten 24.3.97). For a discussion of immigrant women and Women's shelters, see Rachel Paul 1995; 1998). - A centre for persons who have been raped (Voldtektsmottaket), which is part of the municipal acute clinic (Legevakta). - Centres for persons who have been exposed to incest (Støttesenter for incestutsatte). The first centre started in 1986, and today there are 12 such centres. In 1995 they received 8000 visits and 19000 referrals from persons who have experienced incest, recently or long ago, and from their family-members (Aftenposten 24.3.97). - There is also a centre for men who have been exposed to incest, which offers possibilities for talks in groups or with one consultant (Aftenposten 5.11.97). - Social-medical section for children and youth; Children's ward; Clinic for women/children, Aker Hospital, Oslo. (Sosialmedisinsk seksjon for barn og ungdom, Barneavdelingen, Kvinne/ Barnklinikken, Aker sykehus, Oslo). This centre started in 1986. The yearly number 109
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Organised Crime & Crime Prevention
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Rådsmedlemmer: Flemming Balvig, Da
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ISBN 87-987103-0-3
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