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NSfK’s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 required, with the special business problem that what they are doing is illegal and, if caught and convicted, they – and their bankers or lawyers - could all go to jail for very long times as ‘organised criminals’. In short, we are not arguing that no-one forms international groupings that commit very serious social harms: though not all of them are labelled ‘organised criminals’ (Ruggiero, 1996), there obviously are such groups and networks. However, for all but those who simply want to develop a moral panic to get more powers and resources, what is important (for crime control as well as academia) is to appreciate the subtlety, complexity and depth of field of the organisation of crime. References Block, A. and W. Chambliss: Organizing Crime. Elsevier, New York 1981. Campbell, D.: That was Business, This is Personal. Secker and Warburg, London 1990. Clarke, R.: ‘Introduction’. In: R. Clarke (ed.): Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. Harrow and Heston, New York 1997. Clarke, R. and Homel, R.: ‘A revised classification of situational crime prevention techniques’. In: S. Lab (ed.): Crime Prevention at a Cross-roads, Cincinnati: Anderson. Cressey, D.R.: Theft of the nation; the structure and operations of organised crime in America. Harper & Row, New York 1969. Cohen, A.K.: ‘The concept of criminal organisation’. In: British Journal of Criminology, 17-1977, pp. 97-111. della Porta, D. and Pizzorno, A.: ‘The business politicians: Reflections from a study of political corruption’. In: Levi, M. and D. Nelken (eds.): ‘The Corruption of Politics and the Politics of Corruption’: Journal of Law and Society, 23-1996, pp. 73-94. Dorn, N., K. Murji, and N. South: Traffickers. Routledge, London 1992. van Duyne , P.: ‘Organised Crime and Business-Crime Enterprises in the Netherlands’. In: Crime, Law and Social Change, 19-1993, pp. 103-142. van Duyne, P.: ‘The Phantom and Threat of Organised Crime’. In: Crime, Law and Social Change, 24-1996, pp. 341-377. Gambetta, D. The Sicilian Mafia, Harvard UP, Cambridge, Mass 1994. Gold, M. and M. Levi: Money-laundering in the UK: an appraisal of suspicion-based reporting. The Police Foundation, London 1994. Home Affairs Committee: Organised Crime, HMSO, London 1995. Home Office: Response to the Report of the Home Affairs Select Committee on Organised Crime, HMSO, London 1996. Ianni, F.A. and E. Reuss-Ianni: A Family Business; Kinship and social control in organised crime. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1972, Ianni, F.A.: ‘Authority, power and respect: the interplay of control systems in an organised crime "family"’. In: Rottenberg, S. (ed.): The economics of crime and punishment. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington D.C. 1974. Levi, M.: The Phantom Capitalists: the Organisation and Control of Long-Firm Fraud, Gower, Aldershot 1981. Levi, M.: ‘Covert policing and the investigation of 'organized fraud': the English experience in international context’. In: C. Fijnaut and G. Marx (eds.), Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective. Kluwer, The Hague 1995. Levi, M.: ‘Organising plastic fraud: enterprise criminals and the side-stepping of fraud prevention’. In: M. Levi (ed.) Special Issue of the Howard 37-4-1998, pp.423-438. Journal of Criminal Justice, November 1997. Levi, M. and Osofsky, L.: Investigating, seizing and confiscating the proceeds of crime, Police Research Group Paper 61. Home Office, London 1995. 18
NSfK’s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 Levi, M. and Pithouse, A. (forthcoming): White-Collar Crime and its Victims: the Media and Social Construction of Business Fraud. Clarendon Press, Oxford. McIntosh, M.: The Organisation of Crime. Macmillan, London 1975 Mack, J. and H. Kerner: The Crime Industry. Saxon House, Lexington 1975. Maltz, M.: ‘On Defining Organised Crime: The Development of a Definition and a Typology’. In: Crime and Delinquency, 22-1976, pp. 338-346. Nelken, D. : ‘The judges and political corruption in Italy’. In: Levi, M. and D.Nelken (eds.), ‘The Corruption of Politics and the Politics of Corruption’: Special Issue of Journal of Law and Society, 23-1996, pp. 95-112. Passas, N. and D. Nelken: ‘The thin line between legitimate and criminal enterprises: subsidy frauds in the European Community’. In: Crime, Law and Social Change, 3-1993, pp. 223-244. Reuter, P.: Disorganized crime: Illegal markets and the Mafia. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1983. Ruggiero, V.: Organised and Corporate Crime in Europe. Dartmouth, Aldershot 1996. Sterling, C.: The Mafia. Grafton, London 1991. Sterling, C.: Crime without Frontiers. Warner, London 1994. Sutton, M.: Handling Stolen Goods and Theft: a Market Reduction Approach, Home Office Research Study 178. Home Office, London 1998. 19
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