Organised Crime & Crime Prevention - what works? - Scandinavian ...

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NSfK´s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 dptm of Criminology, U of Stockholm 1995. Kornhauser, R.R.: Social Sources of Delinquency- An Appraisal of Analytic Models. U of Chicago 1984. Lattimore, P & Witte, A.: Models of Decision Making Under Uncertainty: The Criminal Choice. In: Cornish & Clarke (Eds) 1986. Niggli, M.A.: ‘Rational Choice Theory and Crime Prevention’. In: Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention vol. 3-1994. National Council for Crime Prevention, Sweden 1994. Stafford, M C & M. Warr: ‘A Reconceptualisation of General and Specific Deterrance’. Journ o Res in Crime and Delinquency vol. 10, Nr. 2-1993. Sykes, G M & D. Matza: ‘Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency’ Amer. Sociological Review vol 22-1957, pp 664-670. Wikström, P-O H: ‘Self-Control, Temptations, Friction and Punishment’. In: Wikström, Clarke & McCord (Eds) Propensity and Opportunity; National Council for Crime Prevention, Sweden 5-1995. 196
NSfK´s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 Anna Kristín Newton, under graduate student, dep. of psychology, University of Iceland Private adress: Grjótagötu 12 IS-101 Reykjavik e-mail: alans@vortex.is and Íris Böðvarsdóttir, under graduate student, dep. of psychology, University of Iceland Private adress: Smárahlið 14g IS-603 Akureyri e-mail: iris@ak.is Research Results of Sexual and Violent Offenders in Iceland This paper is part of a BA thesis at the Department of Psychology, University of Iceland. The purpose of the study was to explore various crime patterns in sexual and violent offenders in Iceland. Violent and sexual crimes were studied as these are considered to cause significant mental and bodily harm in victims (Kendall and Hammen, 1995). When questioned about the type of crime most feared, the general public frequently identify violent and sexual crimes, while the physical damage and the mental anguish of being a victim are identified as the main aspects of the crime most feared. Those who have been a victim of any type of crime more often than not fear that they will be attacked again (Viogt, Thornton, Barrile and Seaman, 1994). According to Pollock and Rosenblat approximately 40% of the American public are afraid of becoming a victim of a serious crime, where serious crimes include murder, violent assaults and sexual offences (Beirne and Messerschmitt, 1995). Of the various factors that have been associated with criminal behaviour, alcohol is probably one of the main ones and the most frequently mentioned. Therefore in this study the connection between alcohol and crime has been considered closely. This was done by studying how many offenders were intoxicated when the crime took place. Consideration was also given to the time of day at which the crime was committed. This was done on the basis that most crimes are committed at times when people are more likely than not to have been drinking. We were also interested in the relationship between the offender and the victim, specifically if the offender and victim knew each other before the crime took place. When considering crime in general and how it comes about, situational factors are nearly always mentioned, that is the situation has to be right so that the offender has the chance to commit the crime. With this in mind we thought that by looking at some of the situational factors that are present when the crime took place we might get a clearer picture of how the crime came about. 197
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