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NSfK’s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 ii) At the same time there is a tendency not only to increase the number of prison-places, but also to look for alternatives to imprisonment, such as conflict resolution boards (Jane Dullum 1996; Siri Kemeny 199); community-service (Paul Larsson 1994); an extended use of conditioned sentencing and imprisonment - and a proposal to open up for a pilot-project on electronic monitoring of offenders. But looking more thoroughly on these alternatives to prison, it becomes clear that these more lenient alternatives will actually lead to more control than today, as they will be linked up to a compulsory program (obligatorisk tilsynsprogram); and the sanctions for breaking conditions will be more efficiently inflicted, if The Ministry is heard. To realise their plan for more efficiency, The Ministry has made the following proposals: that the decision to re-imprison convicts on conditioned sentence who violate their conditions, shall be transferred from the court to administrative authorities. This would mean to re-introduce a system that was given up 8 years ago. The Ministry also proposes that prison directors shall decide whether violations of conditions for prisoners on conditioned discharge, shall lead to re-imprisonment. As another measure The Ministry suggests an introduction of a new "short-timeprison" for seven days - which may be prolonged(!). In these cases the prison-authorities of the Ministry shall be in charge. Some trends and tendencies can be read out of this document: First and most strikingly one sees a prioritization of efficiency at the cost of legal protection. One can also see a tendency to increase the total volume of control, and to blur the difference between serving sentences in prison and under probation; between the role of the prison-ward and the probation officer, so that the tasks of a probationofficer will be more and more like those of a ward. Another trend can also be discerned more clearly today: By use of programs, projects, 'sentencing plans', it seems to me that prison-authorities more and more speak of prisons and sentencing not only in administrative and bureaucratic terms, but also as a place for socialtechnical measures, for repairing the 'criminals'. The treatment-arguments from the 60s and 70s are here again, but now wrapped up in a more modern, administrative, efficient-like language. The prison-programs boil down to a question of finding the right tool, whether it be 'scared straight' or 'conceptual skills'. This efficiency-perspective we also see in the politics of differentiation, which was introduced at the end of the 1980s, claiming that the programs and measures for prisoners shall not be evenly spread to all, but to 'those who take responsibility for their own rehabilitation'. The treatment should be efficient (see Stortingsmelding no. 23 (1991-92) "Om bekjempelse av kriminaliteten" and St. prp. nr. 1. The Ministry of Law (the state budget) for the years later 1992). Again, just as in the 60s and 1970s, this 'repairing-the-criminal'-perspective tries to convince us that we all have the same interests, namely to find the right healing-program; and leaves out (or at least tries to leave out) the questions on criminal-policy, values and decency. Literature: Andenæs, Johs.: Straffen som problem. Spartacus. 1994/1997 Christie, Nils: Snegler som livreddere. Aftenposten 24.1.97 <strong>Crime</strong> Statistics 1995 (SSB 95) / Kriminalstatistikk 1995. Statistisk sentralbyrå 1997. Dullum, Jane med bidrag fra Nils Christie: Konfliktrådene. Institutt for kriminologi. 1996. Giertsen, Hedda: Fengselsvesenets skjulte verdimønstre. I: Lov og rett 1995. 112
NSfK’s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 Høigård, Cecilie and Liv Finstad: Bakgater. Pax 1986/Backstreets 1992. Haaland, Thomas and Inger-Lise Lien: Vold og gjengatferd: en pilotstudie av et ungdomsmiljø. Nibr-rapport: Ungdom mot vold 1998. Norsk institutt for by- og regionforskning. 1998. Haaland, Thomas: Et varmt hjem i en kald hverdag. Prosjekt rapport nr. 11/1997. Norsk Institutt for by- og region forskning. 1997. Kemeny, Siri: Nærbilder av saker meglet i konfliktråd. Institutt for kriminologi, 1998. Larsen, Guri: Brødre. Æreskamp og hjemløshet blant innvandringens ungdom. Pax 1992 Larsson, Paul: Samfunnstjenesten sett fra innsiden. Nordisk tidsskrift for kriminalvidenskab. nr. 3/1994 Paul, Rachel: Immigrant Women and Shelters for Battered Women. I: Ideologi og empiri i kriminologien. Rapport fra NSfKs 37. forskerseminar, Arild, Sverige 1995. Paul, Rachel: Shelters for battered Women and the needs forImmigrant Women. Tema/Nord Migration. Nordic Council of Ministry. 1998:507. 1998 Skilbrei, May-Len: Når sex blir arbeid. Pax. 1998 Stene, Reid J.: Straff og behandling av sedelighetsdømte i et lokalt prosjekt. En kriminologisk evaluering av "Tverr etatlig samarbeid for behandling av sedelighetsdømte i Vest- Agder". Institutt for kriminologi, Universitetet i Oslo. 1998. Stortingsmelding nr. 23. Om bekjempelse av kriminaliteten (1991- 92). Stortingsmelding nr. 27. Om kriminalomsorgen (1997-98). Ukens statistikk nr. 18 1998.(SSB 98). Statistisk sentralbyrå 1998. Ukens statistikk nr. 44 1997.(SSB 97). Statistisk sentralbyrå 1997. Årsrapport 1995/Report for 1995. Alternative to violence (ATV). Årsrapport 1996/Report for 1996.Sosialmedisinsk seksjon for barn og ungdom, barneavdelingen, Kvinne/Barnklinikken, Aker sykehus, Oslo. 113
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Organised Crime & Crime Prevention
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Rådsmedlemmer: Flemming Balvig, Da
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