Organised Crime & Crime Prevention - what works? - Scandinavian ...

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NSfK´s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 When making choices people do not, generally, use all the information available to them. People tend to use information that is consistent with what they believe (cognitive dissonance theory), easy accessible and readily available. I believe Niggli sums up the limited rational choice concept quite well as he writes;”Given the individual level and the ’limited’ character of rational calculus, concrete, short-term factors should be more important in utility calculations than abstract, general factors. For the rationally acting individual therefore the severity of sanctions is meaningless if there is only a small risk of detection or capture, since the severity of sanctions does not really address the individual but rather applies to the general societal level. (Ibid p.91f) The result of the limited rational choice process is the decision to commit a criminal act, or to choose another course of action. Figure 6 A Model Framework of Integrated Key Concepts of Criminological Theories 190
NSfK´s 40. forskerseminar, Espoo, Finland 1998 2. Offender Awareness Space and Crime Occurrence To commit a criminal act is a source of stress for the offender. There is (also in situations favorable to criminal outcomes) always an element of uncertainty (what if the public interferes, the police show up etcetera). Offenders will commit most of their crimes in areas that are well known to them in order to limit the risks and increase their personal safety (it’s always good to know what’s behind the next corner). The physical as well as psychological qualities of the area is important for the offenders feeling of security and control. The areas about which most knowledge is available are those in which the potential offender spends most of his time, eg the present or former area of residence, work, shopping and entertainment areas which are visited often. These areas are called the Activity Space of the individual. (fig a) Figure from Brantingham & Brantingham 1984 p 353 The concept of Awareness Space includes the individual’s Activity Space and an area around and between the everyday Activity Space, which is well known to the individual and the area that is seen from the transit links (roads, buses) that are used for transportation between the areas of activity (fig b) (Brantingham & Brantingham 1984). The offender is likely to commit his crimes within his Awareness Space, but not too close to his home or other places where he might be recognized and subjected to formal or informal sanctions. The area should be well known to the offender, but he/she should not be easily identified. 191
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Organised Crime & Crime Prevention
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Rådsmedlemmer: Flemming Balvig, Da
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