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128 Phnom Penh Post, 2002, September. Rahnema, Rajid, 1992, “Participation”, in Wolfgang Sachs (ed.) The Development Dictionary, ZED Books, London. Schriver, Donald W., Jr., 1995, An Ethic for Enemies, Forgiveness in Politics, New York: Oxford University Press. Utting, Peter, ed., 1994, Between Hope and Insecurity: The Social Consequences of the Peace Process in Cambodia, UNRISD, Geneva. Workshop Proceedings, 2001, Working Together, The Human Rights Based Approach to Development Cooperation, Part I, Stockholm Workshop, 16–19 October 2001.
129 Dialogue – the Concept, the Aid Modalities and the Risks Bertil Odén 1 “No outsider should impose risk preferences on those who must live with the consequences.” Joe Stiglitz at the 1998 Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics. Introduction The concept of dialogue is as elusive as that of partnership. And as concepts both have been introduced from the donor side, in spite of their allusion to a relationship between two equal partners. The two concepts are also mutually interconnected. In recent times, dialogue is considered the only politically correct way to relate in a genuine partnership. In this chapter I will discuss the following issues: The dialogue concept and how it has developed in the international development co-operation debate. How the changing modalities of development co-operation have affected the dialogue. Recent improvements in and future challenges for the dialogue process. The concept and its development In the invitation to contribute to this volume the dialogue concept is defined as “…the methodology of interaction between the donor and recipient. At best, it is the instrument for formulating the parameters, which together should make up the joint understanding and contract between the parties on policy-, programme- or project level on how to interact”. Taken in this sense dialogue is as old as the aid relationship itself, and there was a dialogue before the term was introduced in the development co-operation context. It has changed over time, following the shifting trends among what nowadays often goes under the label ‘donor community’. In recent years dialogue has often been defined as discussions taking place 1 Bertil Odén (Sweden) Ph. Lic. from the Göteborg University and a MA from the University of Stockholm. He is currently Councellor at the Embassy of Sweden in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. He has been Secretary to the EGDI, researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute, advisor to the Ministry of Finance in Tanzania and to the Planning Commission in Mozambique. Odén has also had different policy and programming positions at Sida.
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2003:2 Edited by Jan Olsson and Len
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Lennart Wohlgemuth Director The Nor
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ii Peter Spink 175 Dialogue from a
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iv IDA International Development As
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Part 1: Introductory chapter 1
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2 The flagship within Swedish devel
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4 On both sides, there is a wide ra
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6 could itself be divided into a nu
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8 penetrate most of the issues on t
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10 Ethical consideration and cohere
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12 reduces the transaction costs fo
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14 so-called like-minded donors, al
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16 wish to end this introductory ch
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18 the 1970s, which were attacked a
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20 References Andersen, David, John
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The Unequal Dialogue Gus Edgren 1 A
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The question of ‘sovereignty’ I
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The stakeholder line-up on the reci
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The Swedish government elaborated o
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ent side are in charge or at least
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formal (messages, representations)
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Widening choices through country pr
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Support the policy negotiations wit
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Does the New Development Agenda Enc
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(Rodenstein-Rodan, Harrod-Domar and
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e assessed only in terms of low inc
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The participation of all stakeholde
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trative capacity and difficulties i
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change within these societies, it d
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Public goods The employment of a pa
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What are the Requirements for a ‘
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Coordination, complementarity and c
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country policy programming, sector
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era are a case in point. They could
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ple are in agreement, but solutions
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proach today is very open. Question
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things possible for the private sec
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tiations between Sida and the autho
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- and this also means making mistak
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plied or functions in the ongoing a
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Dialogue on International Co-operat
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Page 87 and 88: % of GDP 25 20 15 10 5 0 to demonst
Page 89 and 90: policy performance of the governmen
Page 91 and 92: The lesson of experience with the p
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Page 97 and 98: Saharan African countries. In fact,
Page 99 and 100: (iv) Giving as much attention to th
Page 101 and 102: (ix) Strengthening the lead arrange
Page 103 and 104: When referring to ‘us as donors
Page 105 and 106: ing to our own situation, but in pa
Page 107 and 108: 101 ment policies we write. If we t
Page 109 and 110: 103 ment co-operation. Through a co
Page 111 and 112: Everyone must understand the aim of
Page 113 and 114: The Case of Cambodia Eva Mysliwiec
Page 115 and 116: 109 assistance in the form of relie
Page 117 and 118: 111 ment in 1991, and the absence o
Page 119 and 120: 113 manitarian activities, but was
Page 121 and 122: 115 multilateral funding dictated t
Page 123 and 124: 117 Participants put a high value o
Page 125 and 126: 119 established in key sectors of r
Page 127 and 128: 121 the country’s dependence on a
Page 129 and 130: 123 financing this Fund from donors
Page 131 and 132: 125 practitioners have attended tra
Page 133: 127 ship of the process. Adopting p
Page 137 and 138: 131 the benefit of the doubt. Zambi
Page 139 and 140: 133 ging aid agencies in the OECD c
Page 141 and 142: 135 Soon the list of conditions to
Page 143 and 144: 137 Improved dialogue and future ch
Page 145 and 146: 139 that this was not compatible wi
Page 147 and 148: References 141 Catterson J. and C.
Page 149 and 150: 143 have not bandied around the ind
Page 151 and 152: 145 those who stand to lose from a
Page 153 and 154: 147 funds, especially towards meeti
Page 155 and 156: 149 establishing different review p
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Page 159 and 160: 153 Dialogue has to begin at home F
Page 161 and 162: 155 we in our own contexts had to b
Page 163 and 164: 157 a lot of knowledge about develo
Page 165 and 166: 159 the implementation. Unfortunate
Page 167 and 168: gions. In his book Llibre del genti
Page 169 and 170: 163 It is recalled that four centur
Page 171 and 172: 165 issues took place within the co
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Page 175 and 176: 169 termined based upon the interes
Page 177 and 178: The consultative group was conceive
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Page 181 and 182: Dialogue from a Field Perspective P
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179 joint programs being run by lo
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181 The final summing up was made i
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183 Another important arena in whic
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185 that all models are products of
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187 is a straightforward donation?
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The Challenge of Dialogue for Pract
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191 and information, while recipien
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193 project was to provide the gove
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195 Fifth, leaders who have decisio
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197 tive community organizers were
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199 of internal and external pressu
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201 While problems such as poverty,
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203 nities that arise for bringing
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Building relationships with others
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References 207 Black, Jan Knippers,
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210 Voices on the Dialogue between
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212 role of the non-professional in
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214 II. How can we make scientists
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216 problems from our ways of think
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218 that some other countries have
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220 standards, which has made them
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222 Beijing became interested in th
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224 discussions about legislation,
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226 A trend nowadays is that assist
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228 Dialogues should be seen as one
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230 with ideological and political
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232 Domestic law/constitutions When
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234 Introductory course for human r
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236 a far more constructive platfor
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238 Dialogue as a Method for Develo
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240 further refine the dialogue met
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242 During the third phase in 1999,
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244 stakeholders seems to be largel
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246 tive, there was little evidence
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248 of the Board when some of the k
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250 sessment exercise, the momentum
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252 out and involve all the stakeho
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254 Reminiscences of a Dialogue in
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256 IFAD, UNDP, Sida, Norad, Finnid
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258 by drawing from the field level
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260 ment establishments those who a
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262 detail management to the locals
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264 Promoting Empowerment: A Unique
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266 academic environment. The 1980s
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268 effective role in the wider tra
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270 The Makerere University problem
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272 Reflections on the relationship
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274 Innovations Committee at Makere
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276 two persons are working full ti
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278 Development Assistance to Educa
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280 Our past experience had shown t
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282 The donors’ meeting concluded
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284 in order to demonstrate its ser
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286 Sector-Based Development Co-ope
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288 proach is expected to facilitat
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290 ship, and national ownership of
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292 and are often reluctant or unwi
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294 laments the difficulties in wor
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296 of beggar, for those who provid
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298 These observations suggest that
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300 approach, there have been many
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302 Dialoguing in Development Co-op
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304 Develop the capacity to produc
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306 things in the beginning. Why co
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308 Dialogue at the Grassroot Level
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310 This basic concept was develope
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312 bers to be able to approach vil
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314 we were, however, unable to vis
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316 as one of the main areas of con
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Annex 319
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322 parameters, which together shou
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THE EXPERT GROUP ON DEVELOPMENT ISS
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