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140 transaction costs for the government and the donors are reduced. Here decentralised decisions and flexibility on the side of the donor community are important for an improved and informed dialogue with the Government. With increased decentralisation of decision making to the field offices, and donor harmonisation at the country level, the dialogue tends to become an ongoing process, much more closely integrated in the budget preparation and implementation. The need for annual consultations and other high level meetings as platforms for the dialogue is thus reduced. Two different trends in the dialogue process thus are evident. One is the integration of a low-key and continuous dialogue into the Tanzanian budget process, providing a very good opportunity for constructive co-operation and reduced transaction costs. The other is a more defensive and potentially trusteroding discussion based on some contentious issues in the realm of governance and democracy, together with a growing concern among donors that Tanzania once more may show itself as an expert at the correct policy formulations, while the implementation is slow. To this can be added an increasing critique against anything ‘foreign’ in the Tanzanian public debate. The relative strength of these two trends will decide which direction the relations and the trust between Tanzania and its co-operating partners will take. The role of NEPAD Finally, the question can be asked, if NEPAD (New Economic Partnership for African Development) provides the framework for a new type of dialogue. Will some of the issues that are contentious at the national level be more easily resolved at a regional level? It is obvious that as an African initiative NEPAD has better chances to involve itself in national governance issues with less defensive reactions from the governments implied. Here is one of the main attractions of NEPAD to the donor community. Should NEPAD not be able to take on this role it may still be a platform for dialogue on dimensions beyond the aggregated national dialogue issues. In a widely reported speech at a symposium in Addis Abeba (27 May 2002), the prime minister of Ethiopia, Ato Meles Zenawi, argued: “The focus of our dialogue in the context of NEPAD with our development partners must therefore not be on the specifics of their obligations for Africa’s development, but on the full recognition of their direct and material interest in it. Once we have consensus on the underlying interest, achieving consensus on the specifics will not be all that difficult.” The initiators of NEPAD seem to envisage a dialogue at the highest policy level, rather than on what Prime Minister Zenawi calls ‘the specifics’. It is too early to assess the potential of NEPAD as a lever for Africa in the international development dialogue. If it does not deliver on issues like good governance and peer review, the present problems at the national level may just be magnified in a global context.
References 141 Catterson J. and C. Lindahl, 1999, The Sustainability Enigma. Aid Dependency and the Phasing out of Projects. The Case of Swedish Aid to Tanzania, (EGDI Study 1999:1) Stockholm, Almqvist and Wiksell International. Edgren, Gösta, 1996, Project 2015, Sida, Stockholm. Daily News, 2002, Tanzania. Kees van Donge, J. and H. White, 1999, Counting the Donor’s Blessings. Programme Aid to Tanzania, Stockholm, Sida Evaluation Report 99/17:5. Mkapa, B., 1999, Tanzania’s Vision Regarding Partnership Based Co-operation, Dar es Salaam, Government Printers. Smet, J. 1997, HESAWA, Health through Sanitation and Water: Sida Supported Programme in Tanzania, Stockholm, Sida Evaluation Report 1997/12. The Guardian, 2002, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Therkildsen, O. 1988, Watering White Elephants? Lessons from Donor Funded Planning and Implementation of Rural Water Supplies in Tanzania, Uppsala, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. The World Bank, 2001, Aid and Reform in Africa, Washington D.C.
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2003:2 Edited by Jan Olsson and Len
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Lennart Wohlgemuth Director The Nor
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ii Peter Spink 175 Dialogue from a
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iv IDA International Development As
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Part 1: Introductory chapter 1
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2 The flagship within Swedish devel
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4 On both sides, there is a wide ra
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6 could itself be divided into a nu
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8 penetrate most of the issues on t
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10 Ethical consideration and cohere
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12 reduces the transaction costs fo
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14 so-called like-minded donors, al
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16 wish to end this introductory ch
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18 the 1970s, which were attacked a
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20 References Andersen, David, John
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The Unequal Dialogue Gus Edgren 1 A
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The question of ‘sovereignty’ I
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The stakeholder line-up on the reci
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The Swedish government elaborated o
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ent side are in charge or at least
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formal (messages, representations)
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Widening choices through country pr
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Support the policy negotiations wit
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Does the New Development Agenda Enc
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(Rodenstein-Rodan, Harrod-Domar and
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e assessed only in terms of low inc
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The participation of all stakeholde
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trative capacity and difficulties i
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change within these societies, it d
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Public goods The employment of a pa
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What are the Requirements for a ‘
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Coordination, complementarity and c
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country policy programming, sector
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era are a case in point. They could
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ple are in agreement, but solutions
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proach today is very open. Question
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things possible for the private sec
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tiations between Sida and the autho
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- and this also means making mistak
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plied or functions in the ongoing a
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Dialogue on International Co-operat
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…and at the non-governmental and
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Table 1. Internal development effor
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% of GDP 25 20 15 10 5 0 to demonst
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policy performance of the governmen
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The lesson of experience with the p
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Linking the results of the policy d
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Page 97 and 98: Saharan African countries. In fact,
Page 99 and 100: (iv) Giving as much attention to th
Page 101 and 102: (ix) Strengthening the lead arrange
Page 103 and 104: When referring to ‘us as donors
Page 105 and 106: ing to our own situation, but in pa
Page 107 and 108: 101 ment policies we write. If we t
Page 109 and 110: 103 ment co-operation. Through a co
Page 111 and 112: Everyone must understand the aim of
Page 113 and 114: The Case of Cambodia Eva Mysliwiec
Page 115 and 116: 109 assistance in the form of relie
Page 117 and 118: 111 ment in 1991, and the absence o
Page 119 and 120: 113 manitarian activities, but was
Page 121 and 122: 115 multilateral funding dictated t
Page 123 and 124: 117 Participants put a high value o
Page 125 and 126: 119 established in key sectors of r
Page 127 and 128: 121 the country’s dependence on a
Page 129 and 130: 123 financing this Fund from donors
Page 131 and 132: 125 practitioners have attended tra
Page 133 and 134: 127 ship of the process. Adopting p
Page 135 and 136: 129 Dialogue - the Concept, the Aid
Page 137 and 138: 131 the benefit of the doubt. Zambi
Page 139 and 140: 133 ging aid agencies in the OECD c
Page 141 and 142: 135 Soon the list of conditions to
Page 143 and 144: 137 Improved dialogue and future ch
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Page 149 and 150: 143 have not bandied around the ind
Page 151 and 152: 145 those who stand to lose from a
Page 153 and 154: 147 funds, especially towards meeti
Page 155 and 156: 149 establishing different review p
Page 157 and 158: References ‘pool’ their monies
Page 159 and 160: 153 Dialogue has to begin at home F
Page 161 and 162: 155 we in our own contexts had to b
Page 163 and 164: 157 a lot of knowledge about develo
Page 165 and 166: 159 the implementation. Unfortunate
Page 167 and 168: gions. In his book Llibre del genti
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Page 171 and 172: 165 issues took place within the co
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Page 175 and 176: 169 termined based upon the interes
Page 177 and 178: The consultative group was conceive
Page 179 and 180: 173 meetings called at the executiv
Page 181 and 182: Dialogue from a Field Perspective P
Page 183 and 184: 177 Different practices of talk hap
Page 185 and 186: 179 joint programs being run by lo
Page 187 and 188: 181 The final summing up was made i
Page 189 and 190: 183 Another important arena in whic
Page 191 and 192: 185 that all models are products of
Page 193 and 194: 187 is a straightforward donation?
Page 195 and 196: The Challenge of Dialogue for Pract
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191 and information, while recipien
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193 project was to provide the gove
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195 Fifth, leaders who have decisio
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197 tive community organizers were
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199 of internal and external pressu
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201 While problems such as poverty,
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203 nities that arise for bringing
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Building relationships with others
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References 207 Black, Jan Knippers,
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210 Voices on the Dialogue between
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212 role of the non-professional in
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214 II. How can we make scientists
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216 problems from our ways of think
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218 that some other countries have
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220 standards, which has made them
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222 Beijing became interested in th
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224 discussions about legislation,
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226 A trend nowadays is that assist
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228 Dialogues should be seen as one
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230 with ideological and political
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232 Domestic law/constitutions When
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234 Introductory course for human r
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236 a far more constructive platfor
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238 Dialogue as a Method for Develo
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240 further refine the dialogue met
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242 During the third phase in 1999,
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244 stakeholders seems to be largel
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246 tive, there was little evidence
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248 of the Board when some of the k
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250 sessment exercise, the momentum
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252 out and involve all the stakeho
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254 Reminiscences of a Dialogue in
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256 IFAD, UNDP, Sida, Norad, Finnid
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258 by drawing from the field level
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260 ment establishments those who a
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262 detail management to the locals
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264 Promoting Empowerment: A Unique
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266 academic environment. The 1980s
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268 effective role in the wider tra
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270 The Makerere University problem
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272 Reflections on the relationship
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274 Innovations Committee at Makere
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276 two persons are working full ti
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278 Development Assistance to Educa
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280 Our past experience had shown t
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282 The donors’ meeting concluded
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284 in order to demonstrate its ser
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286 Sector-Based Development Co-ope
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288 proach is expected to facilitat
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290 ship, and national ownership of
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292 and are often reluctant or unwi
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294 laments the difficulties in wor
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296 of beggar, for those who provid
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298 These observations suggest that
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300 approach, there have been many
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302 Dialoguing in Development Co-op
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304 Develop the capacity to produc
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306 things in the beginning. Why co
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308 Dialogue at the Grassroot Level
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310 This basic concept was develope
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312 bers to be able to approach vil
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314 we were, however, unable to vis
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316 as one of the main areas of con
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Annex 319
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322 parameters, which together shou
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THE EXPERT GROUP ON DEVELOPMENT ISS
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