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— 380 — made at various times, and one may be seen at the present day in the temple of Ti-tsang-wang jfe |^ 3E> at Ju-hao jft\ Jji, Kiangsu fx M l 1 )- in North 3°. The 18 Lohans. — The Buddhist monk Kwan-hsiu jl f^, A.D. 832-912, was the first artist, who painted the set of 18 Lohans. So far as can be gleaned from historical records, it did not exist before his time (2). The portraits made by Kwan-hsiu 1|| f^ comprised Nandimitra's group of 16, to which 2 others were added (3). These latter existed already in popular lore, and were in all likelihood the "Arhat who subdued the Dragon", and the "Arhat who tamed the Tiger" (4). The 16 were of Hindu origin, and more or less historical; the 2 added were a purely Chinese conception, and merely symbolical. Both symbolized the superiority of Buddhism over Taoism. In several Buddhist monasteries, this symbolism was ignored, hence several variations occurred in assigning names to the 2 additional Arhats. Thus the celebrated statesman and poet, Su- shih i|| ijtj^ (5), exiled to Kwangtung Jf j|f, and visiting the Pao-lin monastery, Pao-lin-*:e ^ ^ ^, saw there the portraits of 18. The monks being unable to give him the names of the 2 last, he assigned the 17 th place to Nandimitra, and the 18 th to Pindola (6). This solution puzzled much the emperor K'ien-lung ]j[£ |5J|. On visiting Hangchow jfc )'\], A.D. 1757, he saw at first the list of 16, but later on, returned and examined the list of 18 (7). Hereupon, he perceived (1) See Chinese Superstitions. Vol. VII. p. 24'. » (Order temple of Ti-tsang-wang). (2) Journal Asiatique. Sept. -Oct. 1916. p. 283, and 287. (3) See Chinese Superstitions. Vol. VII. p. 351. of the idols in the (4) Journal Asiatique. Sept. -Oct. 1916. p. 285-280. - Chinese Super- stitions. Vol. VII. p. 351. note 3. (5) Su-shih $£ jjrj;. See on this writer. Chinese Superstitions. Vol. VII. p. 351. note 6. (6) Journal Asiatique. Sept. -Oct. 1916. p. 284, and 288. — Chinese Super- stitions. Vol. VII. p. 351, and 354. (7) This was in 8 panels for the traditional 16, while the 2 extra ones were each apart on a single roll, thus denoting their novel and symbolical character. Journal Asiatique. Sept. -Oct. 1916. p. 287.
— 381 — that Pindola's name was repeated twice, and wishing to correct Su-shih's list, assigned the 17 lh place to Kasyapa, and the 18 th to Nandimitra (1). The Imperial solution proved also unsatisfactory, and despite the authority of the emperor, was not generally accepted. The Tibetan list has likewise its 18 Arhats, comprising the traditional list of 16, to which 2 others were added, as in China. These are the Upasaka Dharmatala, to whom the 17 th place is assigned; and Hvashan, the Chinese Hwo-shan ^p -fjjj, or "Monk with the Calico Bag". Both represent a twofold influence, one Indian, and the other Chinese (2). The group of Wuwei-chow $te 3$ ')]], described fully in this volume, is peculiarly Chinese, as it reduces the number of Hindu names to 7, and supplants them by several Lohans of purely native origin. This list assigns the 17 th 18 th to the "Monk with the Calico Bag" (3). place to Asvagosha, and the Watters mentions 4 others (4), whom popular opinion at various times, assigned to the 18 th Buddhist translator, A.D. 397-415 ; place. These are Kumarajiva, the great the emperor Wu-ti f£ fj£, A.D. 502-550, of the Liang % dynasty; Maitreya, Mi-leh-fuh $f ~1$) (,)(;, and even the Goddess of Mercy, Kwan-yin fH -g\ Such is a brief record of the various attempts made to establish the list of these 18 Arhats. The original idea of Kwan-hsiu ^ fo, it would seem, escaped the notice both of Su-shih j|| |^, and K'ien- lung jji£ |$H, and was ignored even in many Buddhist monasteries (5). The 2 added, are merely symbolical, and represent in all likelihood (1) Chinese Superstitions. Vol. VII. p. 351, and 355.— Journal Asiatique. Sept.-Oct. 1916. p. 288. (2) Journal Asiatique. Sept.-Oct. 1916. p. 290. — Chinese Superstitions. Vol. VII. p. 352. note 3. (3) See Chinese Superstitions. Vol. VII. p. 355-372 (List of the 18 Arhats found at Wuwei-chow M '0, M). (4) Watters. The 18 Lohan of Chinese Buddhist Temples, p. 29-30.— Chinese Superstitions. Vol. VII. p. 352. (5) Chinese Superstitions. Vol. VII. p. 351, and 354.— Journal Asiatique. Sept.-Oct. 1916. p. 284.
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111 1)6 1* ?& I!SI*iiIM«if&SI INTO
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X>C>l3 7 V~ l\\ B3&
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4 th — II — century). 3° The A
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— IV — aim of Buddhism, a sorry
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— VI — adopted children and unw
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— VIII — is also said to have a
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— X — teacher, unci example of
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— XII — philosophy, becomes the
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— XIV — Epochs of Chinese and J
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Preface XVI — CONTENTS. SECOND PA
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— XVIII — President: Tu-ti-wang
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— XX — 2" The 2 brothers of the
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— XXII Page. 1'ci-lii shen-shi ff
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59. Indra represented — XXIV —
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ARTICLE IX. KSH1TIGARBHA, BUDDHA OF
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Fig. 41 Ti-tsang-wang. Ti Tsang-wan
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— 238 — Wei-t'o ^ |?& (t). This
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— 240 — drew to an end, and he
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— 242 — Muh-lien g £| was appr
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— 244 — Kiu-hwa-shan % ^ [Jj (1
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— 246 — The general theme is th
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— 247 — 5°. Temples dedicated
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o _ a o o 01 0.1 z; o o ( £2 O W
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— 251 — the battle was soon won
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— 253 — B). Kwan-yin f$f ^, the
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— 255 — beheld a vast landscape
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— 257 — author of the "Treatise
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— 259 — at sometime or other le
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— 261 — senses. Every form of t
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Fig. 43 La tour du miroir — La pr
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— 264 — In connection with this
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— 266 — 10. The hell where men
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— 267 — 3°. Those who gouge ou
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3: (1). — 269 — HI. THIRD COURT
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Fisr. 45 Os racles — Yeux arrache
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— 272 — IV. FOURTH COURT. Presi
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— 273 — 8. The hell where one m
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— 275 — to commit the above men
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— 277 — molten copper, thus cau
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— 279 — From the above legends,
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Fig. 4 7 Coupe en morceaux — Coew
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— 282 — 2°. Those who denied r
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— 284 — VI. SIXTH COURT. Presid
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— 285 — 9. The hell where fire
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— 287 — 2". Also those who prac
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Fig. 49 La chaudiere d'huile bouill
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— 290 — 4°. Those who spread d
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— 292 — 10. The hell where the
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— 293 — to be pious, repented t
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— 295 — 9. The hell where oxen
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Pig. 51 La cite des suicides — La
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— 298 — X. TENTH COURT. Preside
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— 299 — inhabiting spaces under
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Fie. 53 Roue de la metempsycose. Th
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— 302 — ch'ang fg- ^ j^, and th
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— 303 — ARTICLE XI. MARICHI. ^O
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— 305 — Thunder and lightning s
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Fig. 55 Tcboen-ti. Chun-ti. Or the
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— 308 — was protected by the "H
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— 310 — second attack failed li
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o — 312 —
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— 314 — ancient "Monastery of C
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Kwan-kung [|fj Q — 315 — (1), t
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— 317 — ARTICLE XIII. VEDA, PRO
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— 319 — The following legendary
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— Fig. 57 Wei-t'ouo-pou-sah. T/ie
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— 322 — Is ff< ^ $) (0- ^ serva
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— 324 — AETICLE XIV. I.VDKA AM)
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— 325 — images of Brahma, Fan-w
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— 327 — them is meant to procla
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Fig. 59 Yu-ti ou Ti-che (Indra).sou
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— 330 — ARTICLE XV. THE INCENSE
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— 331 — Divine nymphs gather th
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— 333 — the number 18 being- ge
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— 335 — conquered the craving f
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— 337 — and not as a member of
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— 339 — age of 80, and am neari
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— 341 — returned with several S
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11 12 13 14 15 16 Rahula Nagasena A
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He was represented — 345 — for
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— 347 — disciples, and dwells i
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— 349 — subtle Arhat, and an or
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— 351 — Kiangsi 7X W> and Hupeh
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— 353 j-j^T ?X- Tne Author himsel
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,,t '"" < Fig. 61 Les 18 Louo-han.
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— 355 The figures in the 2 nd col
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Fig. 63 Tao-t'ung shen-shi.
Page 204 and 205: Fig. 65 Hwei-yuen shen-sbi.
Page 206 and 207: — 358 — Illustration n° 62 rep
Page 210: Fig. 67 Han-shan-tze, or the Arhat
Page 213 and 214: — 359 — ts'ing-sze fig \f^ ^?,
Page 215: Fig. 69 Ku-ti hwo-shang.
Page 220 and 221: Fig. 71 Shi-tze-pi-k'iu tsun-cheh o
Page 222 and 223: — 362 — /-chow lj£ j]'\, in Ng
Page 226: Fig. 73 Lo-heu-lo-to tsun-cheh or R
Page 229 and 230: — 363 — Golden Horde, was accus
Page 231: Fig. 75 Kiu-mo-lo-to tsun-cheh or K
Page 234: — 366 — During twenty years, he
Page 237 and 238: — 367 — petty independent princ
Page 239: Fig. 77 Ma-ming tsun-cheh, or Asvag
Page 242 and 243: — 370 — that the Scythian king
Page 245 and 246: — 372 — Calico Bag", Pu-tai kwo
Page 247 and 248: — 373 — wrote several works, of
Page 249 and 250: — 375 — 2. Group comprising 108
Page 251 and 252: frog under the left arm (1) ; Cuda-
Page 253: — 379 — 3. The copy of 16, know
Page 257 and 258: — 383 — as in China (1). These
Page 259 and 260: — 385 — from the above two work
Page 261 and 262: — 387 — of milk spurted from he
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Page 266 and 267: — 390 — Heavenly, T'ien %; the
Page 269 and 270: North ; Mao to the West (1). — 39
Page 275 and 276: 6 7 8 9 10 T'u-wei Shang-cliang Chu
Page 277: Fig. 83 Vaisravana, or To-wen ^ f*]
Page 280 and 281: — 396 — capacity, they are deem
Page 283 and 284: — 397 — he donned the yellow ro
Page 285: Fig. 85 Virupaksa, or Kwang-muh Jl
Page 288 and 289: — hOO — adorations, and the con
Page 290 and 291: — 402 — mother-of-pearl. On thi
Page 293 and 294: — 403 — winged elephant, Hwa-hu
Page 295 and 296: — 405 — In this critical moment
Page 297 and 298: — 407 — In China, they are espe
Page 299 and 300: — 409 — ARTICLE XIX. THE DRAGON
Page 301: - Fig. 87 Trhema de Kin long se ta
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412 4°. The classification found i
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— 413 — The fanciful work known
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Fig. 89 Pe Long (Le dragon blanc).
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— 416 — force, and torrential r
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— 418 — and after a short strug
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— 420 — hid himself in the moun
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— 4 22 — ARTICLE XX. THE « PAT
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1
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Fig. 92 Ahvagesha Maming, en Chinoi
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— 426 — to bear him to China. H
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— 427 — from oneself. But to at
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Fig. 94 Bodhidharma. (Dans la pagod
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— 430 — Paradise", was the repl
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— 431 — inactivity, and ecstati
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Fig. 96 Le bonze Hoei ko (chen koan
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— 434 — The emperor, hearing th
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— 436 — 111. Fourth and Fifth C
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— 438 — is K'ung ^ (Unreal)". T
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— 440 — IV. Sixth Chinese Patri
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— 441 — but were later on resto
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— 443 — fC H li( ^ (1), situate
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— 445 — In A.D. 705, the empero
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— 447 — ARTICLE XXI. THE GREAT
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Fig. 98 Le bonze Ta-cheng. The bonz
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— 450 — Scarcely had he resolve
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— 452 — on which he could erect
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sword, Kien-shan $|J [ij . In 454 t
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— 456 — visitors cast a few sma
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adopting the form of a babe (1).
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— 459 — the famous monk, and th
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Tche k'ong 3 e Fig. 100 patriarche
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the remission of sins 1 — 462 —
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— 464 — ARTICLE XXIII THE BUDDH
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— 465 — J§. It is very high, a
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— 467 — ARTICLE XXIV. THE LAZY
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Sl^TSS Fig. d02 Le bonze Lan-tsan e
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— 470 — ARTICLE XXV. THE BUDDHI
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— 472 — At another time, the co
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— 473 — how far he was still fr
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— 475 — and became a Buddhist m
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Kiumarajiva, Fig. 104 en chinois Ki
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— 478 — of the men were drowned
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— 480 — Lotus of the good Law (
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— 482 — ARTICLE XXVII. ran: mon
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— 483 — When travelling' in the
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— i85 — with bis basket proceed
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— 487 — found ten stone images,
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— 489 — wrong, and should read
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Fie. 106 Le dieu du mont Song chan
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— 492 — "Do you promise to abst
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— 4D4 — his cell. On account of
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— 495 — JW ii, of the T'ang J|f
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— 497 "^r^L
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TTJm- X*M
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