CHINESE SUPERSTITIONS - University of Oregon

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— 256 — Kw'eichow-fu gg }]] /ft, a city in the North- East of Szech'wan ffl )||, not far from the Northern bank of the Yangtze River. 111. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF HADES. Brahmanism reckoned 21 hells, while Buddhism originally had only 8 (1), to which the Maha.ya.na, or Northern School, added 8 others (2). These are generally known as the 8 hot hells, and the 8 cold hells (3). Others state it has 136 divisions, to receive 136 varieties of offenders. If we add to this number the special "hell of females", and that of the "city of suicides", we obtain an aggregate of 138 hells. In the time of the Sung 5^ dynasty, especially under Hwei- tsung % 9^ (A.D. 1101-1126), who was an ardent Taoist, the Pearly Emperor, Yuh-liwang 3£ J|, supreme god of the Taoists, was made the Ruler of Hades (4). Beneath him were placed the City God, Ch'eng-hwang jtffc (I§, and the local village god, T'u-ti Lao-yeli i J| ^ H (&) Both at the present day are surrounded with judicial apparatus, and processions are annually made within the sphere of their jurisdiction, to inquire into the good and bad actions of individuals. It was also under the Sung ^ dynasty, that the legend of the 10 Departments of Hades originated (6). The (1) Monier Williams. Buddhism, p. 121. - Waddell. The Buddhism of Tibet, p. 92. — Eitel. Three Lectures on Buddhism, p. 133. (2) Cold being an idea foreign to the Hindu mind, the cold hells are an invention of Northern Buddhists. Waddell. The Buddhism of Tibet, p. 95 (The Cold Hells). (3) Besides the 8 hot and 8 cold hells, Beal and Eitel add 8 "frontier hells", or "hells of utter darkness". Beal. A Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chinese. p. 57. — Eitel. Three Lectures on Buddhism, p. 133. (4) Edkins. Chinese Buddhism, p. 360-301 .— Wieger. Folk-Lore Chinois Moderne. Preface, p. 3. (5) Wieger. Folk-Lore Chinois Moderne. Introduction, p. 7. - Edkins. Chinese Buddhism, p. 361. (6) Edkins. Chinese Buddhism, p. 358. — China Beview. Vol. 1. p. 302.— Wieger. Folk-Lore Chinois Moderne. Preface, p. 3.
— 257 — author of the "Treatise on the Infernal Regions", Yuh-lih c/i'ao- chwan 3£ M # r$ I 1 )' was tne urst to & ive currency to the new legend. According to this fanciful writer, Hades should not be divided into 8 hot and 8 cold hells, but into 10 Courts or Depart- ments, over each of which presides a judge or demon-king. The first Court is a kind of ante-chamber, where souls are examined, and then conducted to their destined abodes of torture. The Tenth Court is rather an outer hell, where souls who have expiated their crimes, are reborn in a lower or higher state of existence among the six classes of created beings (2). The number 10 is thus practically reduced to 8. Each of these 8 divisions comprises a large hell, and 16 small ones. Each has its special sort of torture, devised to punish certain classes of crimes (3). If we add to the above infernos the "hell of females" (4), and the "city of suicides", we have the following aggregate: 8 large hells -f- (8x16 = 128) +2 = 138 hells of all kinds (5). The following division of Hades is also found in the work entitled "Sutra of the Sea of Triple Darkness leading to the vision of Buddha", Kwan-fuh San-mei-hai-king = ||| fjflj 8fc M $£• Hells where the nose is cut off ,, ,, 18 Small hells ,, ,, 18 Frozen hells ,, ,, 18 Middling hot hells ,, ,, 18 (1) See on the Author of the "Treatise on the Infernal Regions". Chinese Superstitions. Vol. VII. p. 254. note 2. (2) Buddhism holds there are only 6 forms or ways of existence, through which living beings can pass, and under which every thing that has life must be classed. These classes are gods, men, Asuras (demons inhabiting spaces under the earth), animals, Pretcts (ghosts ever consumed with hunger), and beings undergoing torments in hell. Monier Williams. Buddhism, p. 121. (3) Waddell. The Buddhism of Tibet, p. 92 (The Buddhist Hells). (4) See on the "hell of females". Chinese Superstitions. Vol. I. p. 84-86. (5) Edkins. Chinese Buddhism, p. 365. — Monier Williams. Buddhism, p. 120. — Hardy. Manual of Buddhism, p. 26.— Geden. Studies in the Religions of the East. p. 575 (Buddhism).
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111 1)6 1* ?& I!SI*iiIM«if&SI INTO
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X>C>l3 7 V~ l\\ B3&
Page 8 and 9: 4 th — II — century). 3° The A
Page 10 and 11: — IV — aim of Buddhism, a sorry
Page 12 and 13: — VI — adopted children and unw
Page 14 and 15: — VIII — is also said to have a
Page 16 and 17: — X — teacher, unci example of
Page 18 and 19: — XII — philosophy, becomes the
Page 20 and 21: — XIV — Epochs of Chinese and J
Page 22 and 23: Preface XVI — CONTENTS. SECOND PA
Page 24 and 25: — XVIII — President: Tu-ti-wang
Page 26 and 27: — XX — 2" The 2 brothers of the
Page 28 and 29: — XXII Page. 1'ci-lii shen-shi ff
Page 30 and 31: 59. Indra represented — XXIV —
Page 33 and 34: ARTICLE IX. KSH1TIGARBHA, BUDDHA OF
Page 35: Fig. 41 Ti-tsang-wang. Ti Tsang-wan
Page 38 and 39: — 238 — Wei-t'o ^ |?& (t). This
Page 40 and 41: — 240 — drew to an end, and he
Page 42 and 43: — 242 — Muh-lien g £| was appr
Page 44 and 45: — 244 — Kiu-hwa-shan % ^ [Jj (1
Page 46: — 246 — The general theme is th
Page 49 and 50: — 247 — 5°. Temples dedicated
Page 51 and 52: o _ a o o 01 0.1 z; o o ( £2 O W
Page 53 and 54: — 251 — the battle was soon won
Page 55 and 56: — 253 — B). Kwan-yin f$f ^, the
Page 57: — 255 — beheld a vast landscape
Page 61 and 62: — 259 — at sometime or other le
Page 63 and 64: — 261 — senses. Every form of t
Page 65: Fig. 43 La tour du miroir — La pr
Page 68 and 69: — 264 — In connection with this
Page 70 and 71: — 266 — 10. The hell where men
Page 73 and 74: — 267 — 3°. Those who gouge ou
Page 75 and 76: 3: (1). — 269 — HI. THIRD COURT
Page 77: Fisr. 45 Os racles — Yeux arrache
Page 80 and 81: — 272 — IV. FOURTH COURT. Presi
Page 83 and 84: — 273 — 8. The hell where one m
Page 85 and 86: — 275 — to commit the above men
Page 87 and 88: — 277 — molten copper, thus cau
Page 89 and 90: — 279 — From the above legends,
Page 91: Fig. 4 7 Coupe en morceaux — Coew
Page 94 and 95: — 282 — 2°. Those who denied r
Page 96 and 97: — 284 — VI. SIXTH COURT. Presid
Page 99 and 100: — 285 — 9. The hell where fire
Page 101 and 102: — 287 — 2". Also those who prac
Page 103: Fig. 49 La chaudiere d'huile bouill
Page 106 and 107: — 290 — 4°. Those who spread d
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— 292 — 10. The hell where the
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— 293 — to be pious, repented t
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— 295 — 9. The hell where oxen
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Pig. 51 La cite des suicides — La
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— 298 — X. TENTH COURT. Preside
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— 299 — inhabiting spaces under
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Fie. 53 Roue de la metempsycose. Th
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— 302 — ch'ang fg- ^ j^, and th
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— 303 — ARTICLE XI. MARICHI. ^O
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— 305 — Thunder and lightning s
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Fig. 55 Tcboen-ti. Chun-ti. Or the
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— 308 — was protected by the "H
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— 310 — second attack failed li
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o — 312 —
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— 314 — ancient "Monastery of C
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Kwan-kung [|fj Q — 315 — (1), t
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— 317 — ARTICLE XIII. VEDA, PRO
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— 319 — The following legendary
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— Fig. 57 Wei-t'ouo-pou-sah. T/ie
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— 322 — Is ff< ^ $) (0- ^ serva
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— 324 — AETICLE XIV. I.VDKA AM)
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— 325 — images of Brahma, Fan-w
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— 327 — them is meant to procla
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Fig. 59 Yu-ti ou Ti-che (Indra).sou
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— 330 — ARTICLE XV. THE INCENSE
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— 331 — Divine nymphs gather th
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— 333 — the number 18 being- ge
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— 335 — conquered the craving f
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— 337 — and not as a member of
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— 339 — age of 80, and am neari
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— 341 — returned with several S
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11 12 13 14 15 16 Rahula Nagasena A
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He was represented — 345 — for
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— 347 — disciples, and dwells i
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— 349 — subtle Arhat, and an or
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— 351 — Kiangsi 7X W> and Hupeh
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— 353 j-j^T ?X- Tne Author himsel
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,,t '"" < Fig. 61 Les 18 Louo-han.
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— 355 The figures in the 2 nd col
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Fig. 63 Tao-t'ung shen-shi.
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Fig. 65 Hwei-yuen shen-sbi.
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— 358 — Illustration n° 62 rep
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Fig. 67 Han-shan-tze, or the Arhat
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— 359 — ts'ing-sze fig \f^ ^?,
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Fig. 69 Ku-ti hwo-shang.
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Fig. 71 Shi-tze-pi-k'iu tsun-cheh o
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— 362 — /-chow lj£ j]'\, in Ng
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Fig. 73 Lo-heu-lo-to tsun-cheh or R
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— 363 — Golden Horde, was accus
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Fig. 75 Kiu-mo-lo-to tsun-cheh or K
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— 366 — During twenty years, he
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— 367 — petty independent princ
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Fig. 77 Ma-ming tsun-cheh, or Asvag
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— 370 — that the Scythian king
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— 372 — Calico Bag", Pu-tai kwo
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— 373 — wrote several works, of
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— 375 — 2. Group comprising 108
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frog under the left arm (1) ; Cuda-
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— 379 — 3. The copy of 16, know
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— 381 — that Pindola's name was
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— 383 — as in China (1). These
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— 385 — from the above two work
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— 387 — of milk spurted from he
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4 * S* 4 l
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— 390 — Heavenly, T'ien %; the
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North ; Mao to the West (1). — 39
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6 7 8 9 10 T'u-wei Shang-cliang Chu
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Fig. 83 Vaisravana, or To-wen ^ f*]
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— 396 — capacity, they are deem
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— 397 — he donned the yellow ro
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Fig. 85 Virupaksa, or Kwang-muh Jl
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— hOO — adorations, and the con
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— 402 — mother-of-pearl. On thi
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— 403 — winged elephant, Hwa-hu
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— 405 — In this critical moment
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— 407 — In China, they are espe
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— 409 — ARTICLE XIX. THE DRAGON
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- Fig. 87 Trhema de Kin long se ta
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412 4°. The classification found i
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— 413 — The fanciful work known
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Fig. 89 Pe Long (Le dragon blanc).
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— 416 — force, and torrential r
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— 418 — and after a short strug
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— 420 — hid himself in the moun
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— 4 22 — ARTICLE XX. THE « PAT
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1
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Fig. 92 Ahvagesha Maming, en Chinoi
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— 426 — to bear him to China. H
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— 427 — from oneself. But to at
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Fig. 94 Bodhidharma. (Dans la pagod
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— 430 — Paradise", was the repl
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— 431 — inactivity, and ecstati
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Fig. 96 Le bonze Hoei ko (chen koan
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— 434 — The emperor, hearing th
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— 436 — 111. Fourth and Fifth C
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— 438 — is K'ung ^ (Unreal)". T
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— 440 — IV. Sixth Chinese Patri
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— 441 — but were later on resto
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— 443 — fC H li( ^ (1), situate
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— 445 — In A.D. 705, the empero
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— 447 — ARTICLE XXI. THE GREAT
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Fig. 98 Le bonze Ta-cheng. The bonz
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— 450 — Scarcely had he resolve
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— 452 — on which he could erect
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sword, Kien-shan $|J [ij . In 454 t
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— 456 — visitors cast a few sma
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adopting the form of a babe (1).
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— 459 — the famous monk, and th
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Tche k'ong 3 e Fig. 100 patriarche
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the remission of sins 1 — 462 —
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— 464 — ARTICLE XXIII THE BUDDH
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— 465 — J§. It is very high, a
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— 467 — ARTICLE XXIV. THE LAZY
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Sl^TSS Fig. d02 Le bonze Lan-tsan e
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— 470 — ARTICLE XXV. THE BUDDHI
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— 472 — At another time, the co
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— 473 — how far he was still fr
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— 475 — and became a Buddhist m
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Kiumarajiva, Fig. 104 en chinois Ki
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— 478 — of the men were drowned
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— 480 — Lotus of the good Law (
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— 482 — ARTICLE XXVII. ran: mon
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— 483 — When travelling' in the
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— i85 — with bis basket proceed
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— 487 — found ten stone images,
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— 489 — wrong, and should read
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Fie. 106 Le dieu du mont Song chan
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— 492 — "Do you promise to abst
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— 4D4 — his cell. On account of
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— 495 — JW ii, of the T'ang J|f
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— 497 "^r^L
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