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434 | Patent it YOURSELF • America Invents (www.AmericaInvents.com). • James Sokolove, Esq. (www.jimsokolove.com/other/ patent-infringement/index.aspx) • IP Contingency Consortium (www.ipcontingency. com) • Acacia Technologies Group (www.AcaciaTechnologies. com). RESOURCE Nolo Lawyer Directory. Nolo maintains a lawyer directory (www.nolo.com/lawyers) with links to many patent and intellectual property attorneys. If you want to sell your patent, Ocean Tomo (www. OceanTomo.com) holds auctions of patents and also provides other patent fiscal services. Also, if you’re sued for patent infringement, your own general liability insurance may reimburse you for the cost of defending the suit; see the article about this at p. 527 of the Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society for 1991 July. U. Summary After you pay the issue fee, the PTO will print your patent and send you an Issue Notification and then the deed in a few months. It may be helpful to prepare a press release or advertise your patent for sale at this time. Check your patent for printing or other errors and obtain a Certificate of Correction if necessary. If the error is yours, the PTO charges a fee for issuing a Certificate. If you or a licensee is manufacturing a product under the patent, consider marking the product with the patent number. If you mark you can recover damages from infringers from the date you started marking, but they will have easy access to your patent number and may be more inclined to break your patent or design around it. A patent is intangible personal property that gives you a monopoly on the invention covered by the claims (so long as maintenance fees are paid), against anyone who makes, uses, sells, imports, etc., the invention. You can profit from a patent by selling or licensing it or using it to exclude others to create a monopoly (with higher prices) for yourself. However patents on medical procedures are no longer enforceable against health care providers. Patentees get offers for goods or services, but most are of no value. Be sure to pay the three maintenance fees to keep your patent in force: The first is due 3.0 to 3.5 years after issue (YAI), the second 7.0 to 7.5 YAI, and the third 11.0 to 11.5 YAI. If you neglect to pay any fee in the due period you may pay it in a grace period (next six months) with a surcharge and thereafter if the delay was unintentional (two-year limit) or unavoidable. However if you pay it after the grace period any infringer will acquire intervening rights. If you discover an infringer the PTO will not help you; you must contact and sue the infringer. First get details of the infringing product, the company that makes it, including the amount of product sales, and the financial resources of the company. Then, compare your claims to verify infringement (be aware of the doctrine of equivalents and contributory infringement), write a letter, and sue in court or with the ITC if necessary. To determine if you can make a product it is usually necessary to make a subject-matter search for applicable in-force patents. If an in-force patent is applicable you can design around the patent, ask for a license, or try to break the patent. There are five ways to cite prior art against patent applications and patents: • the usual IDS citation against your own patent application • citation against a published patent application of another • protest against any pending application • citation in the file of a patent • file a request for reexamination (ex parte or inter partes)—reexamination can be used to invalidate a patent if new prior art is discovered. All patent appeals must go to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has turned antipatentee in recent years. Juries no longer have the power to interpret patent claims, but they can otherwise be propatentee. Arbitration is an alternative to patent infringement lawsuits. Patent rights can be forfeited in various ways, e.g., if relevant prior art or a prior public use or sale is discovered, the patent is misused, or the patentee committed fraud on the PTO by not citing prior art that it knew of. Up to one year after your patent issues anyone with a pending application on the same invention can get into interference with your patent. Patent expenses can be deducted from ordinary income if you’re a serious inventor, or otherwise just against royalties. Insurance is available to finance patent litigation and companies and attorneys are available to finance patent infringement litigation on a contingency basis. l
Ownership, Assignment, and Licensing of Inventions C H A P T E R 16 A. The Property Nature of Patents .....................................................................................................436 B. Who Can Apply for a Patent? ...........................................................................................................436 C. Joint Owners’ Agreement ...................................................................................................................437 D. Special Issues Faced by the Employed Inventor ....................................................................438 E. Assignment of Invention and Patent Rights .......................................................................... 440 F. Record Your Assignment With the PTO ...................................................................................441 G. Licensing of Inventions—An Overview ......................................................................................443 H. Universal License Agreement.......................................................................................................... 444 I. How Much Should You Get for Your Invention? ..................................................................447 J. Summary ......................................................................................................................................................449 K. Desiderata for PTO .................................................................................................................................449
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N O LO ® “The best roll-up-your-
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Products & Services Books & Softwar
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15th edition Patent It Yourself You
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Acknowledgments My deep thanks go t
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2 3 4 The Science and Magic of Inve
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8 9 E. Make and Sell Your Invention
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13 14 J. The Patent Laws of Other C
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Appendixes 1 2 Abbreviations Used i
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Your Legal Companion A. You Don’t
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Your Legal COMPANION | 3 D. Should
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C H A P T E R 4 Will Your Invention
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C H A P T E R 7 What Should I Do Ne
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Fig. 7A—Invention Decision Chart
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Nondisclosure Agreement 1. Parties.
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Invention Disclosure Sheet of Inven
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Form 3-4: Application Data Sheet—
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Form 3-4: Application Data Sheet—
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Positive and Negative Factors Evalu
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Consultant’s Work Agreement 1. Pa
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Searcher’s Worksheet Sheet of Inv
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Form 10-1A: Declaration for Utility
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In the United States Patent and Tra
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Design Patent Application—Preambl
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Joint Applicants—Statement of Res
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they may do so with the written con
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Universal License Agreement 1. Part
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whether or not any royalty payment
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compensation it recovers for any su
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A p p e n d i x 8 Forms Available a
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Index A “A,” correct use of, 20
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INDex | 577 Biotechnology patents e
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INDex | 583 including all possible,
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Bestsellers The Small Business Star
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Online Legal Forms Nolo offers a la
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Keep Up to Date 1 Go to Nolo.com/ne
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About the Author David Pressman is
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