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588 | Patent it YOURSELF Laws of nature can’t be patented, 96, 97, 98 violated by invention, 101–102 See also Perpetual motion machines; Scientific principles Lawsuit for copyright infringement, 22, 23 by employed inventor, 440 for false patent number marking, 415 for inducement to infringe, 416 by infringer, 424 for patent infringement, 9, 14, 15, 415–416, 421, 422–425, 426, 430–432 dependent claims and, 246 by licensor or licensee, 446 prior art and, 287, 288 royalties and, 339 salability of invention and, 87 for theft of invention, 46, 312 Lawyers. See Patent attorneys Lay patent searchers, 125. See also Search professional Laziness, 41, 42 Lead lines, on drawings, 200, 207, 262, 263 Legal citations, 5. See also Statutes Legalese avoided in specification, 193, 195 See also Claims Legal Instruments Examiner, 450 Legality of invention, 101 Legislation. See Statutes Letters patent. See Deed, patent LexPat, 141 Liability. See Product liability risk Library research for commercial evaluation, 88 on patentability, 143 See also Patent and Trademark Depository Libraries (PTDLs) Licensing, 14, 443–449 advertising of availability for, 415 asking patent owner for license, 428 before assignment, 448 contingent-fee intermediary and, 306 cross-licensing, 16, 152, 416 defined, 436 dependent claims and, 245 to foreign entity, 325, 326 future prospects for, 80 illegal practices in, 432 to infringer, 245, 424 manufacturing in absence of, 428 one-year rule and, 105 Petition to Make Special and, 295 positive factors list and, 82, 87 Provisional Patent Application and, 58, 60 search results as aid to, 122 small-entity status and, 276 summary, 449 tax consequences of, 433 Universal License Agreement for, 444–447 See also Manufacturers; Marketing of invention Limiting statements examples of, 345 Inventor’s Commandments and, 180, 338 in patent application, 180, 196, 199, 202, 204–205, 206, 209 in remarks portion of amendment, 380 words and phrases to avoid and, 196 Lines cross-section lines, 193, 194, 262–263 lead lines, 200, 207, 262, 263 PTO rules for, 261 Linking claim, 395 List of Prior Art Cited by Applicant, 182 Literature search. See Library research; Patent search Litigation. See Lawsuit Logos, as trademarks, 18 Lump-sum payment, for assignment, 448 M Machine (apparatus) claims, 225, 229–230, 243, 244, 246–247, 250, 251, 395 preamble to, 241 Machine patents, 95, 99 description of operation, 203–204 operability requirement, 101–102 sketches for, 193 for software, 98, 99 Machine shops, 309 nondisclosure agreements for, 49 receipts from, 53 See also Model maker Magazines. See Periodicals Magician’s trade secrets, 26 Mailing addresses, for PTO, 482 Mailing certificate. See Certificate of Mailing Mail order distribution, 315 Mail scams, 417–418 Main claims. See Independent claims Maintenance fees, 14, 418–420, 474 for divisional application, 184 of foreign countries, 321–322, 325–326, 330 nonpayment of, 14 not applicable to design patent, 14, 397 not applicable to plant patent, 14 online calculator for, 415 patent number marking and, 415 Maintenance Fee Statement, 420 Make-of-Record Letter for Errors in Printed Patent, 413 Manual of Classification, 144, 145, 148, 149, 153 Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP), 96 claim writing and, 234, 237 prosecution and, 344–345, 349 pro se inventors and, 2 Manual processes (methods), 97, 229 Manufacture/distribution by inventor, 175–176, 308, 314–317, 416 Manufacturers available, Petition to Make Special and, 295 foreign, 310 email scam involving, 418 infringement by, 311 product clearance by, 426–429 waivers of, 172, 311–312, 314 See also Assignment; Licensing; Marketing of invention; Production of invention Manufactures (articles of manufacture), 95, 99–100 claims for, 230, 241 linked, 395
INDex | 589 designs as, 298 sketches of, 193 unobviousness based on ease of manufacture, 116 Manufacturing processes as trade secrets, 26 unusual, detailing in application, 187 See also Method (process) claims; Method (process) patents; Production of invention Margins of amendment, 386 of application, 269, 270 of drawings, 260, 261 Marketability. See Commercial viability evaluation; Test marketing Marketing of invention, 304–317 alternative routes for, 305, 306, 308 brochures for, 259 with celebrity endorsement, 317 correspondence with prospect, 313–314 decision making for, 170–178 ease of, 86 finding manufacturers/distributors, 309–310 to government agencies, 315 Inventor’s Commandments for, 304 with manufacture/distribution by inventor, 175–176, 308, 314–317, 416 need for, 80 NIH (Not Invented Here) syndrome and, 310–311 patent number marking and, 414, 424–425, 427, 432 in patent pending period, 284, 304–305, 312, 313 perseverance in, 305 as premium, 316–317 presentation to prospect, 312–313 publicity and, 315–316, 413 simultaneous, to several companies, 313 summary, 317 timing of, 304–305 venture capitalist and, 314–315 waiver of manufacturer, 172, 311–312, 314 working model for, 308–309, 312–313, 314, 315, 316 See also Assignment; Commercial use or sale of invention; Licensing; Manufacturers; Sale of patent rights; Test marketing Marketing research firm, 308, 316 Market novelty, 173 Markush group claims, 237, 251 Mask work notice, 203 Materials alternative embodiments or ramifications and, 184, 205 level of detail about, in specification, 201 means clauses and, 236 terms for, 464 trademarked, 188, 203 unusual or novel, 187, 201, 209, 250 See also Parts of invention Means clauses, 235–236 in additional set of claims, 250 broad claims containing, 232–233, 241, 242, 245 dependent claims and, 245, 246, 248 labeling of means in, 244–245 law regarding, 226, 236 minor ramifications and, 205 require combination of elements, 233 response to Office Action and, 359 support in specification for, 233, 236, 239, 250 Media exposure, 316, 413 Mediation of disputes, with licensee, 447 Medical devices, 204, 415, 417 contingent-fee broker for, 306 explaining in specification, 202 need for, 37 royalties for, 448 Medical procedures, 97, 416–417 Meditation, to stimulate creativity, 36, 40 Mental processes, patentability and, 15, 98 Metal parts. See Machine shops Method (process) claims, 225, 228–229 with apparatus (machine) claims, 244, 246–247, 250, 251, 395 dependent, 246–247, 251 gerunds in, 244, 250 preamble to, 241 Method (process) patents, 95, 96, 97–99 embodiments of, 184 flowcharts for, 193 infringement of abroad, 416, 425 filing date and, 423–424, 428 machine patents and, 99 novelty of, 106–107 prior user’s rights and, 28, 176 ramifications of, 184 recent court decision on, 15, 96, 97, 98 specification for, 200 See also Business method patents; Software patents Metric dimensions, 209 Microfilm, in PTDL search, 159, 160 Microorganisms, 100, 187–188. See also Bacteria MicroPatent, 140, 141, 154, 166 Military applications, 325, 339 Mindware, 40 Model maker, 49, 90, 308–309 as co-inventor, 436, 437 See also Building and testing; Machine shops; Scale model; Working model (prototype) Molecular diagrams, 193 Money order, to Commissioner for Patents, 281 Monopoly from exclusive license, 443, 444, 448 under patent law, 415–416, 436 See also Intellectual property (IP) Morality of invention, 101 MPEP (Manual of Patent Examining Procedure), 96 claim writing and, 234, 237 prosecution and, 344–345, 349 pro se inventors and, 2 Multiple dependent claims, 226, 247, 281 Mylar film, 257, 261, 264 amending drawings on, 386 N NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 103 Nanotechnology, 37
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N O LO ® “The best roll-up-your-
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Products & Services Books & Softwar
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15th edition Patent It Yourself You
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Acknowledgments My deep thanks go t
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2 3 4 The Science and Magic of Inve
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8 9 E. Make and Sell Your Invention
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13 14 J. The Patent Laws of Other C
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Appendixes 1 2 Abbreviations Used i
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Your Legal Companion A. You Don’t
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Your Legal COMPANION | 3 D. Should
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Your Legal COMPANION | 5 E. New Mat
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C H A P T E R 4 Will Your Invention
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In the United States Patent and Tra
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Page 621 and 622: Bestsellers The Small Business Star
Page 623 and 624: Online Legal Forms Nolo offers a la
Page 625 and 626: Keep Up to Date 1 Go to Nolo.com/ne
Page 627: About the Author David Pressman is
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