o_1977r8vv9vk1ts2ms0kd8pksa.pdf

Contents
1 Doppler Sonography: A Brief History .. 1
Dev Maulik
Christian Andreas Doppler and the Doppler
Theory ......................... 1
Verification of Doppler's Theory ....... 3
Technical Utilization of Doppler's Principle 4
Development of Spectral Doppler Ultrasonography
..................... 4
Development of Color Doppler
Ultrasonography .................. 5
Introduction of Doppler Ultrasonography
to Obstetrics and Gynecology ........ 5
Conclusion ...................... 6
References .................... 6
2 Physical Principles
of Doppler Ultrasonography ........ 9
Dev Maulik
Propagation of Sound ............. 9
Propagation Speed of Sound ......... 10
Wavelength, Frequency, Pulse ........ 10
Amplitude, Power, Intensity .......... 11
Ultrasound and Piezoelectric Effect ..... 11
Characteristics of Sound Transmission
in a Medium .................... 12
Doppler Effect ................... 13
Doppler Ultrasound ............... 13
Backscattering ................... 14
Magnitude of Doppler Shift .......... 15
Angle Dependence of Doppler Shift .... 16
References .................... 17
3 Spectral Doppler:
Basic Principles and Instrumentation .. 19
Dev Maulik
Doppler Signal Processing ........... 19
Reception-Amplification ........... 19
Demodulation ................. 19
Direction Discrimination .......... 20
High-Pass and Low-Pass Filters ...... 20
Doppler Spectral Analysis ........... 20
Fourier Transform Spectral Analysis ... 21
Limitations of FFT Spectral Analysis .. 22
Analog Fourier Spectral Analysis ..... 23
Autoregression Analysis ........... 23
Continuous-Wave Doppler Ultrasonography
..................... 24
Pulsed-Wave Doppler Ultrasonography .. 25
Doppler Sample Volume .......... 25
Artifacts of Spectral Doppler Sonography 26
Nyquist Limit .................. 26
Implications of Aliasing ........... 27
Range-Velocity Resolution ......... 27
Mirror Imaging ................. 28
Duplex System ................... 28
Principles of the Duplex Doppler
System ...................... 28
Optimal Configuration of a Duplex
System: Imaging Versus Doppler
System ...................... 29
Duplex Implementation ........... 30
Electronic Array Scanner .......... 30
Integration of the Doppler and Imaging
Functions in Array Transducer ...... 31
Multiple-Gate and Multiple-Sample
Doppler Systems ................ 32
Doppler Display .................. 33
Summary ....................... 33
References .................... 34
4 Spectral Doppler Sonography:
Waveform Analysis
and Hemodynamic Interpretation .... 35
Dev Maulik
Spectral Doppler Sonogram .......... 35
Doppler Frequency Shift Envelopes ... 36
Hemodynamic Information from Doppler
Sonography ..................... 37
Flow Detection ................. 37
Flow Direction ................. 37
Flow Velocity Profile ............. 38
Doppler Flow Quantification ......... 38
Principle of Doppler Flowmetry ..... 39
Doppler Velocity Measurement ...... 40