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Chapter 1
Doppler Sonography: A Brief History
Dev Maulik
The origins of modern medical technology may be
traced to nineteenth-century europe, when the industrial
revolution ushered in sweeping changes in every
aspect of life. Of all the momentous discoveries and inventions
of this period, there was one relatively obscure
scientific event that laid the foundation for the subsequent
development of Doppler technologies in the
twentieth century ± the discovery of a natural phenomenon
that came to be known as the Doppler effect. Another
critical event was the discovery of the piezoelectric
phenomenon by Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie,
which enabled the development of ultrasonic transducers
many decades later. This chapter briefly describes
the origin of the Doppler theory during the nineteenth
century and traces the development of diagnostic Doppler
ultrasound technology during the second half of
the twentieth century to the present.
appears, however, that Doppler never used his second
name.
Doppler's father, a master stone mason, was a man
of wealth and fame. Because of frail health Doppler
was sent to school instead of joining the family trade.
In 1822 Johann Doppler requested that Simon Stampfer,
a professor at the local Lyceum, evaluate his son's
aptitude. Stampfer was impressed with young Christian's
scholastic abilities in mathematics and science,
Christian Andreas Doppler
and the Doppler Theory
The Doppler effect is defined as the observed changes
in the frequency of transmitted waves when relative
motion exists between the source of the wave and an
observer. The frequency increases when the source
and the observer move closer and decreases when
they move apart. The phenomenon bears the name of
its discoverer, Christian Andreas Doppler, an Austrian
mathematician and physicist (Fig. 1.1), born to Johann
Evangialist and Therese Doppler on November
29, 1803 in Salzburg, Austria. The house in which he
was born and raised still stands across the square
from the family home of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
in the Markart Platz. For nearly a century Doppler's
Christian name has been consistently misquoted in
the literature as Johann Christian. Doppler was baptized
on the day of his birth at the Church of St. Andra,
which was originally in close proximity of the
Doppler home. Eden [1] conducted a thorough search
for Doppler's birth and baptismal records and found
them still preserved in the Church of St. Andra,
which had moved to a new location in Salzburg in
1898. These documents conclusively established that
Doppler had been christened Christian Andreas. It
Fig. 1.1. Christian Andreas Doppler. The oil painting was
done by an unidentified artist probably at the time of
Doppler's marriage in 1836. The original is in the Austrian
Academy of Sciences to whom it was donated by Mathilda
von Flugl, the great granddaughter of Christian Doppler.
(Reprinted from [1], with permission)