o_1977r8vv9vk1ts2ms0kd8pksa.pdf

4 D. Maulik
Fig. 1.4. Model of the locomotive
(named Hercules) used in
the first experiments. (From
[40], with permission)
was elected to the membership of the Royal Bohemian
Society of Sciences in 1843 and of the highly
prestigious Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna
in 1847. In 1850 he was appointed by Emperor Franz
Josef of the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the coveted
position of the Chair of Experimental Physics at the
University of Vienna. Sadly, however, he was in poor
health at this point because of the chronic respiratory
disease which was presumed to be ªconsumptionº or
pulmonary tuberculosis and which he apparently had
contracted in Prague years earlier. With the hope of
recuperation he went to the warmer climate of Venice
in the winter of 1852, where he died on March 17,
1853 at the age of only 49 in the arms of his wife
Mathilde. He was given a grand funeral at the Parish
Church of San Giovanni in Bragora and many academic
and civil dignitaries were in attendance. A
more comprehensive account of Doppler's life is beyond
the scope of this review. For those who are interested,
I strongly recommend the excellent monograph
written by Professor Alec Eden titled The
Search For Christian Doppler [1].
Technical Utilization
of Doppler's Principle
Initial applications of the Doppler principle were
mostly for astronomic studies. Over the years the
Doppler effect for light and radio waves has yielded
information on a cosmic scale, from orbital velocity
of planets and stars to galactic rotation and an everexpanding
universe. The principle still serves as a
major tool for cosmologic research. With the beginning
of the twentieth century, other applications
gradually emerged. The first sonar equipment for detecting
submarines was developed by Paul Langevin
of France, who also pioneered the use of piezoelectric
crystals for transmitting and receiving ultrasound
waves. This technology was used to detect submarines,
initially during World War I and more extensively
during World War II. The ensuing decades witnessed
widespread application of the principle of the
Doppler effect, from road-side radar speed detectors
used by the police to the highly sophisticated military
defense and weather forecasting Doppler radar systems.
Doppler radio signals are used for navigation,
surveying, monitoring animal migration, and estimating
crop yields. The development of diagnostic Doppler
ultrasound technology offers yet another example
of the extensive use of the Doppler principle.
Development
of Spectral Doppler Ultrasonography
The first medical applications of Doppler sonography
were initiated during the late 1950s, and impressive
technologic innovations have been continuing ever
since. Shigeo Satomura from the Institute of Scientific
and Industrial Research of Osaka University in Japan
developed the first Doppler ultrasound device for
medical diagnostic purposes and reported the recording
of various cardiac valvular movements [8]. Based
on their experience, Satomura suggested the potential
use of Doppler ultrasonography for percutaneous
measurement of blood flow. In 1960 he and Kaneko
were the first to report construction of an ultrasonic
flowmeter [9]. A significant amount of the pioneering
work occurred at the University of Washington in