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a Chapter 32 Introduction to Fetal Doppler Echocardiography 469<br />

Fig. 32.5 a±c. Two-dimensional echocardiogram<br />

of the fetal heart. a Apical four-chamber view.<br />

b Basal four-chamber view. c Lateral four-chamber<br />

view. LA left atrium, LV left ventricle, RA<br />

right atrium, RV right ventricle, IVS interventricular<br />

septum, SP Spine, MB moderator band<br />

Fig. 32.6. Method for obtaining the left ventricular longaxis<br />

view of the fetal heart. Far left: Orientation of the<br />

transducer plane in relation to the fetal thorax. Middle:<br />

Echocardiographic plane in relation to the fetal heart. AO<br />

aorta, AV aortic valve, LA left atrium, LV left ventricle, RV<br />

right ventricle<br />

ria, although the apical or basal four-chamber view<br />

may not offer the best acoustic exposure for the septum,<br />

which may be better imaged in the lateral fourchamber<br />

view. The foramen ovale can be visualized<br />

in the septum, and its valve can be seen in the left atrial<br />

cavity. The pulmonary veins entering the left atrium<br />

may be identified in the image.<br />

Fig. 32.7. Method for obtaining the right ventricular longaxis<br />

view of the fetal heart. Far left: Orientation of the<br />

transducer plane in relation to the fetal thorax. Middle:<br />

Echocardiographic plane in relation to the fetal heart. MPA<br />

main pulmonary artery, PV pulmonary valve, RV right valve,<br />

IVS interventricular septum, LV left ventricle<br />

Pulmonic and Aortic Outflow Tracts:<br />

Long-Axis Crossover Views<br />

From the four-chamber plane, rotational movement<br />

of the transducer of approximately 458 (clockwise<br />

with the fetal spine posterior and counterclockwise

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