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areas in t h e s e zones can be retained under paddy by diverting w a t e r f r o m high-lying areas. W h e a t is another important f o o d crop w h i c h has b e e n receiving g o o d attention. This is a crop w h i c h is g r o w n in the w i n t e r season and, as such, has to d e p e n d on moisture stored in t h e soil, or on irrigation. Suitable conditions prevail only in s o m e parts of t h e country. It m a y be easily seen that t h e scope for increasing t h e area under paddy and w h e a t are very limited. Increase in the productivity level can, no doubt, be brought about by adopting intensive m e a s u r e s . Irrigation b e c o m e s the key factor in increasing t h e production of rice as w e l l as w h e a t . There is always a limit up to w h i c h the w a t e r resources can be stretched. Therefore, the matter that needs examination is, w h e t h e r it is m o r e advantageous to use irrigation w a t e r for paddy w h i c h requires m o r e w a t e r than other crops. Paddy n e e d s t h r e e t o four t i m e s m o r e w a t e r than millets. If there is a shortage of cultivated area and e x c e s s of water, t h e n the proposition of g r o w i n g paddy under irrigation can be justified. In areas w h e r e w a t e r is scarce and the land that needs irrigation is vast, any s c h e m e to g r o w paddy under irrigation cannot be substantiated on any account. As far as w h e a t is concerned, there is no reason w h y cultivation of w h e a t should not be e x t e n d e d w h e r e v e r irrigation facilities exist. W h e a t is as g o o d as millets f r o m t h e w a t e r use e c o n o m y point of v i e w . Temperature, h o w e v e r , b e c o m e s a limiting factor. On the other hand, maize, s o r g h u m , ragi, and m a n y other millets have the inherent capacity to g r o w and yield w e l l under harsh conditions w h e r e rice and w h e a t m a y not thrive w e l l . In s o m e parts of the w h e a t belt of t h e country, it has b e e n s h o w n that maize yields are m u c h higher, e v e n in t h e winter, than w h e a t . Similarly, s o r g h u m under irrigated conditions do very w e l l e v e n in t h e s u m m e r . S o r g h u m has been f o u n d to yield 15 t / h a of grain in 6 m o n t h s in t h e southern parts o f t h e country. The C S H - 1 crop s o w n a t t h e e n d of January or the beginning of February is ready for harvest by t h e e n d of M a y and t h e ratoon c r o p can be harvested in A u g u s t . Therefore in 6 m o n t h s , t w o harvests can be obtained. S o r g h u m is s h o w n to be better than rice, w h e a t , a n d ragi in this regard. Detailed studies w o u l d further unravel t h e potentialities of s o r g h u m . National policy w i t h regard to crop planning requires to be reexamined and reoriented keeping in v i e w t h e w a t e r - u s e e c o n o m y and overall production and productivity of various f o o d crops. Food Procurement Policy It has been the practice in the country, during t h e last decade or so, to announce the p r o c u r e m e n t and support prices for f o o d grains. The procurem e n t price for s o r g h u m w a s Rs. 740 per t o n n e in 1 9 7 6 / 7 7 and 1 9 7 7 / 7 8 ; it w a s Rs. 750 in 1 9 7 8 / 7 9 and Rs. 950 in 1 9 7 9 / 8 0 . This w a s raised to Rs. 1050 in 1 9 8 0 / 8 1 . The prices are similar for coarse paddy, but they are Rs. 1100, 1120, 1150, 1170. and 1300 per tonne for w h e a t for t h e corresponding years. Every year, grain is procured to build up a buffer stock. The quantities of f o o d grains procured internally in different years are given in Table 3. This stock is used for distribution t h r o u g h fair price shops in urban as w e l l as rural areas. The stock is also used for m e e t i n g the needs of t h e rural people in the years of scarcity. Famines and scarcity conditions occur m o r e often in drought-prone areas than in the favorable areas. It is the poor people w h o need t h e f o o d grains in such a r e a s — m a i n l y coarse grains. W h e n the stock consists mostly of w h e a t and rice, it b e c o m e s difficult to m e e t the d e m a n d for millets. Superior grains are costly and less sustaining than coarse grains. W h e n there is no other w a y but to m a k e w h e a t available in the areas w h e r e millets constitute the staple diet, the p r o b l e m of m i s u s e arises. To get over all these difficulties it s e e m s advisable to procure and stock t h e coarse f o o d grains also in required quantities. The notion stated to be prevalent against procurement of coarse grains is w i t h regard to storage quality. It is believed that maize a n d s o r g h u m grains do not store w e l l and are prone to attack by storage pests. Ragi and other small grains, of course, store very w e l l for a long t i m e . It is further argued that there is not m u c h marketable surplus of maize and s o r g h u m grains. It is also c o m m o n to c o m e across distress sales of these t w o grains in s o m e years and in s o m e parts of the country. These grains are stored all over t h e w o r l d and shipped through long distances, proving that they are amenable to long-duration storage. It w a s estimated by the NCA that about 25 million tonnes of coarse grains w o u l d be required by 2000 AD to m e e t the needs of t h e animal industry. Unless production of millets is increased by adopting suitable measures it w i l l be difficult to step up the production of animal products. Since 6 7 7
Table 3. Internal procurement of various food grains (in million tonnes) in India. Need for Suitable Genotypes for Different Regions S o r g h u m is g r o w n in areas w h e r e t h e rainfall is restricted to 4 m o n t h s in a year, i.e., J u n e to September. It is only in s o m e parts of Maharashtra. Andhra Pradesh, a n d Karnataka that s o m e rainfall occurs in O c t o b e r also. O n e of t h e m o s t critical factors in t h e g r o w i n g of s o r g h u m is that of s o w i n g t h e crop on t i m e . Other grains including Year Wheat Rice sorghum 1968 2.373 3.373 1.059 1969 2.417 3.581 0.383 1970 3.183 3.043 0.488 1971 5.058 3.462 0.307 1972 5.024 2.550 0.091 1973 4.531 3.462 0.431 1974 1.885 3.482 0.228 1975 4.098 5 0 4 2 0.423 1976 6.618 .5.999 0.232 1977 5.171 4.642 0.147 Source: Bulletin of food statistics, 1978. Directorate of Economics and Statistics. Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. Government of India. 37 pp. t h e r e has b e e n a w o r l d w i d e d e m a n d for coarse grains as f e e d for animals, t h e r e w o u l d be s c o p e for exporting t h e surplus production of t h e s e grains. There is n e e d for convincing data to s h o w h o w a n d w h y it is advantageous to increase t h e production of millets a n d also to procure and stock t h e s a m e in large quantities. Research should be intensified in this regard a n d data m a d e available t o policy m a k e r s t o enable t h e m t o take proper decisions and i m p l e m e n t t h e m . Earlier s o w i n g s are preferred to avoid shoot fly d a m a g e a n d t h e risk of drought during t h e maturity period. Varieties g r o w n in different areas vary very m u c h in duration. Traditional varieties are s u c h that t h e y usually m a t u r e after t h e cessation of rains. A t t e m p t s are n o w being m a d e t o introduce hybrids or high-yielding varieties of shorter duration that are suitable for varying rainfall situations. Introduction of hybrids and varieties w h i c h m a t u r e earlier than t h e traditional varieties has brought in t h e p r o b l e m s of earhead p e s t s a n d diseases since t h e grain f o r m a t i o n and maturity take place w h e n h u m i d i t y is high and t h e rains are e x p e c t e d . The p r o b l e m o f drying t h e grain has also c o m e t o t h e fore because of cloudy w e a t h e r at that t i m e . It is for t h e s e reasons that t h e p r o d u c e is brought to t h e market w h e n still w e t . Therefore, distress sales are reported to take place in s o m e markets. Public sector organizations also avoid p r o c u r e - m e n t t o escape f r o m t h e p r o b l e m s o f storage. It w o u l d be advantageous in m a n y w a y s to develop and r e c o m m e n d hybrids or high-yielding varieties w h i c h fit into t h e rainfall r h y t h m of a place rather than to introduce only early m a t u r i n g t y p e s irrespective of t h e duration of rainfall. Gardner (1972) has stated that " M a x i m u m grain production can be attained by breeding for a m o r e limited set of e n v i r o n m e n t s rather than breeding for very broad adaptability. This also has t h e advantage of protection against disasters d u e to diseases or insects w h i c h o f t e n attack a specific g e n o t y p e . " It has been universally realized that m a x i m u m e c o n o m i c yields can be e x p e c t e d only w h e n t h e g r o w t h pattern of the crop is w e l l adapted to environmental conditions. Research approaches need to be clearly d e f i n e d w i t h regard to breeding of varieties for different agro-climatic regions. If short-duration varieties are introduced, measures will also have to be s u g g e s t e d t o tackle t h e p r o b l e m s that g o w i t h t h e m . A proper approach should be f o r m u l a t e d a n d i m p l e m e n t e d at research as w e l l as at d e v e l o p m e n t levels in this regard. Need for increased Attention to Rabi Jowar In Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka, rabi jowar is valued m o s t . The prices of rabi jowar are usually higher than t h o s e for other kinds. The p r o b l e m s of raising rabi jowar are on t h e increase because of considerable soil erosion taking place. The soils are g e t t i n g less and less retentive because of the w a s h i n g a w a y of t h e t o p soil a n d t h e y are b e c o m i n g m o r e drought prone. The p r o b l e m s concerning t h e d e v e l o p m e n t and release of suitable varieties or hybrids, soil and w a t e r conservation, soil fertility m a n a g e m e n t , etc.. are t h e m o s t important ones. Certain p e s t s a n d diseases are also a s s u m i n g a serious magnit u d e . Research p r o g r a m s n e e d to be intensified 6 7 8
Page 1:
SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
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Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
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C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
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Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
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Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
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Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
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than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
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the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
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may often be greater under low fert
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Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
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the associated crop can all be defi
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MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
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Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
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systems. Maize has generally been g
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the next crop. A similar harvesting
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UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
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programs to evolve closed pedigree
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ally one would go back to breeder's
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egion after a careful study of fact
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The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
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was soon used with a pair of bulloc
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should be understood that workers f
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• The under-utilization of certai
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season makes these animals incapabl
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we will assist in over-equipping th
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contain more clay and considerable
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uncertain moisture are the rule in
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a. Transfer of existing local varie
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JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and it
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proved postharvest grain systems ar
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most developing countries, farmers
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The first concern of research and d
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to be investigated further to devis
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Session 6 Production Technology L R
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seed production by autonomous indep
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educed because of shading compared
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Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
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Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
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machines, abrasive elements are mou
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Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
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T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
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Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
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Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
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Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
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JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
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Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
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Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
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A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
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EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
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thickness within a kernel and betwe
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3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
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Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
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Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
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Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
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swelling power and starch solubilit
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C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
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AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
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ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
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Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
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proved protein quality and total gr
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distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
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4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
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Table 7. Comparison of results from
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Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
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fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
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Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
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Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
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S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
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October and November (Fig 1) In thi
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Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
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(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
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Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
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Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
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Development of Basic Studies Seedli
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Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
Page 165 and 166: • It converts sorghum as a conven
Page 168 and 169: Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
Page 170: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 173 and 174: 1. Climatological and physical cond
Page 175 and 176: why a substantial percentage of far
Page 177 and 178: An example of the possible problem
Page 179 and 180: Although those would appear to enco
Page 181 and 182: Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
Page 183 and 184: appear to be merit in strengthening
Page 185 and 186: TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
Page 187 and 188: egional sense are well known. It is
Page 189 and 190: to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
Page 191 and 192: interpretations can be given to the
Page 193 and 194: esearch can concentrate on the most
Page 196 and 197: Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Production and percentage
Page 202 and 203: Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
Page 204 and 205: Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
Page 206 and 207: Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
Page 208 and 209: Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
Page 210 and 211: Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
Page 212 and 213: Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
Page 216 and 217: urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
Page 218 and 219: T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
Page 220 and 221: eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
Page 222 and 223: T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
Page 224: t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
Page 227 and 228: Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
Page 229 and 230: International ICRISAT More develope
Page 231 and 232: find that their linkage w i t h t h
Page 233 and 234: A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w
Page 236 and 237: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 238 and 239: countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
Page 240 and 241: 26 24 Karnataka 22 2 0 Maharashtra
Page 242 and 243: to not result in vastly different c
Page 244 and 245: c o s t s represent 2 9 % of its na
Page 246 and 247: T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
Page 248 and 249: Sorghum Breeding Strategies In Indi
Page 250 and 251: areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w
Page 252: VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
Page 255 and 256: farmers. I am not sure that this ge
Page 257 and 258: t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
Page 260 and 261: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 262: Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
Page 265 and 266:
2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d i
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taxa retain variation that w a s lo
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ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
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Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
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in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
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Appendix 1 Short Communications
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Results indicated that stover yield
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grain was assessed for grain mold b
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Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
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The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
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Poster Session The following papers
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The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
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A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
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Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
Page 298 and 299:
Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
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Lecture After Presentation of Award
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prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
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i n g s of t h e International S h
Page 307 and 308:
P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
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India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
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B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
Page 313 and 314:
O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
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Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
Page 317 and 318:
W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
Page 319 and 320:
P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
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I C R I S A T International Crops R
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