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a g e m e n t variables involved in t h e innovation process, considerable leverage can be exerted to i m p r o v e t h e Research and D e v e l o p m e n t process, and w i t h it, reduce t h e costs or increase t h e benefits of research i n v e s t m e n t . " Scientists c o m m u n i c a t e in a variety of w a y s but t h e nature of that c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d its effects on research are not clearly understood. They c o m m u n i c a t e formally t h r o u g h t h e publication of journal articles, bulletins, abstracts, reports, and n e w s l e t t e r s . T h e y also circulate preprints and read and exc h a n g e papers at professional society m e e t i n g s a n d s e m i n a r s s u c h as this o n e on S o r g h u m in t h e Eighties. In addition, scientists utilize data bases and information centers such as t h e S o r g h u m and Millets Information Center (SMIC) w h i c h seek to collect, collate, and d i s s e m i n a t e c o m p r e h e n s i v e information on s o r g h u m to research w o r k e r s all over t h e w o r l d . The impact of t h e s e various sources of information on research processes and p r o d u c t s n e e d s t o b e m o r e fully assessed. W h i c h sources do s o r g h u m scientists utilize to disseminate their findings? W h i c h sources do they subscribe t o a n d r e v i e w regularly? H o w important are each of t h e s e formal c o m m u n i c a t i o n sources in their research? W h i l e t h e formal c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m is generally recognized as very important to t h e research s y s t e m , a neglected area is t h e informal c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k . Importantly, t w o recent studies (Kelly, Kranzberg, Carpenter and Rossini 1977) c o n c l u d e d that people a n d not f o r m a l channels of c o m m u n i c a t i o n are m o r e effective for t r a n s m i t t i n g technical information. Furthermore, t h e s e t w o studies a d m o n i s h e d scientific and technical information suppliers to c o n c e d e that t h e formal channels of c o m m u n i c a t i o n are not that useful to researchers in organizations a n d that informal channels will continue as t h e d o m i nant f o r m of c o m m u n i c a t i o n . Information is n e e d e d on t h e nature, extent and impact of t h e informal c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k s . W i t h w h o m d o s o r g h u m researchers c o m m u n i c a t e regarding their research and h o w often? Is it only w i t h scientists in their o w n d e p a r t m e n t s and institutions or do t h e y converse across disciplinary and institutional boundaries? W h a t is t h e nature of s o r g h u m scientist i n v o l v e m e n t w i t h various national technical c o m m i t t e e s relevant to s o r g h u m research? W h a t are the formal and informal c o m m u n i c a t i o n s a m o n g scientists in national sorg h u m research programs and related grain programs? To w h a t extent are there c o m m u n i c a t i o n linkages b e t w e e n national s o r g h u m research programs in different countries? W h a t are t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k s b e t w e e n t h e s e scientists and international programs such as ICRISAT and the U.S. A g e n c y for International Developm e n t sponsored Grain S o r g h u m / P e a r l Millet Collaborative Research Support Program (INTSOR- MIL)? W h a t is the nature of contact b e t w e e n m e m b e r s of the s o r g h u m research c o m m u n i t y and other nonagricultural scientists, administrators, funding agencies and extension staff, and farmers? Finally, h o w do t h e s e patterns and processes affect the o u t c o m e s of research? These issues and questions regarding t h e processes of research are important for better understanding h o w k n o w l e d g e of s o r g h u m is produced and diffused w i t h i n t h e scientific c o m m u n i t y and to t h e public at large. M o r e o v e r , a n s w e r s to these questions of t h e d y n a m i c s of s o r g h u m research are also important for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of s o r g h u m research. Research Products The m o s t effective and efficient research s y s t e m , h o w e v e r , is of relatively little value if t h e p r o d u c t s it creates do not serve their intended purpose. We take it as axiomatic here that s o r g h u m research in developing countries is a i m e d at i m p r o v i n g t h e level of living of peasant producers and increasing f o o d available t o c o n s u m e r s . Yet, a s D u m o n t a n d Cohen (1980, p. 44) have n o t e d , " i n t h e final analysis, f o o d on the market is irrelevant as a r e m e d y for hunger unless it can be b o u g h t by t h o s e w h o n e e d it." This m e a n s that focusing upon t h e technical question of increasing sorg h u m production m u s t be, and always is, inextricable f r o m the social question of t h e distribution of w e a l t h and power. As Pearse (1980, p. 6) notes in his s u m m a r y of t h e United Nations studies on t h e Green Revolution, technical change is a l w a y s associated w i t h a change in social relations. The p r o b l e m for both the scientist and the research administrator in the eighties will be h o w to assess the various kinds of potential products of s o r g h u m research so as to choose t h o s e w h i c h w i l l have the m o s t beneficial effects on producers a n d c o n s u m e r s alike. This problem is c o m p o u n d e d by t h e fact that there are vast differences a m o n g s t s o r g h u m producing nations in infrastructure, in class structure, and in social relations (Ryan a n d Binswanger 1980). 6 9 5
A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w e n e e d t o k n o w m o r e about h o w t o assess n e w technologies, h o w t o i m p r o v e t h e effectiveness o f t h e research s y s t e m in t e r m s of b o t h its p r o d u c t s a n d its processes, a n d h o w to establish a productive dialogue a m o n g small f a n n e r s , c o n s u m e r s , a n d researchers. Such tasks are m a d e e v e n m o r e urgent by t h e necessity of supplying f o o d for an increasing population. Conclusions In s u m . s o r g h u m research like o t h e r agricultural research, requires an integrated institutional structure w h i c h i s adequately f u n d e d a n d d e v o t e d t o f o o d production for h u m a n c o n s u m p t i o n . T h e mufti-layered structure should consist of international, regional, national a n d local research institutions coordinated t o serve b o t h producers a n d c o n s u m e r s . This research s y s t e m requires a c o m m u n i t y o f w e l l trained scientists w h o have a d e q u a t e research resources a n d sufficient incentives to pursue relevant research. In addition, it requires effective f o r m a l a n d informal scientific c o m m u n i c a t i o n n e t w o r k s a m o n g all scientists involved in s o r g h u m related research. Finally, this s y s t e m requires procedures for assessing t h e multiple c o n s e q u e n c e s of current research (e.g., yield stability, f o o d quality, labor d i s p l a c e m e n t , s o c i o e c o n o m i c equity) and for evaluating alternative research trajectories. T h e s e are t h e challenges of t h e eighties. m i c C o n s t r a i n t s t o D e v e l o p m e n t o f S e m i - A r i d Tropical A g r i c u l t u r e , ICRISAT, 1 9 - 2 3 F e b 1 9 7 9 , H y d e r a b a d , India. P a t a n c h e r u . A . P . , India: ICRISAT. C O R N E T , R. J. 1965. L e s p h a r e s v e r t s . B r u s s e l s : Editions L. C u y p e r s . D U M O N T , R., and C O H E N , N. 1980. T h e g r o w t h o f h u n g e r . L o n d o n : M a r i o n Boyars. E V E N S O N , R. E. 1978. T h e organization of r e s e a r c h to i m p r o v e c r o p s a n d a n i m a l s i n l o w - i n c o m e c o u n t r i e s . P a g e s 2 2 3 - 2 4 5 in D i s t o r t i o n s of agricultural i n c e n t i v e s , e d . T . W . Schultz. B l o o m i n g t o n : Indiana U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . G A N Z , C . 1 9 7 6 . T h e role o f scientific c o m m u n i c a t i o n i n t h e p r o c e s s o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n . P a g e s 3 8 5 - 3 9 1 in P r o c e e d i n g s , A s s o c i a t i o n of Special Libraries a n d I n f o r m a t i o n B u r e a u x (ASLIB) 2 8 , N o v e m b e r - D e c e m b e r . H A R G R O V E , T . 1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 0 . C o m m u n i c a t i o n a m o n g A s i a n rice b r e e d e r s . J o u r n a l o f R e s e a r c h C o m m u n i c a t i o n S t u d i e s 2 : 1 1 9 - 1 3 2 . K A M W A R , J. S. 1980. R e s e a r c h at I C R I S A T — a n o v e r v i e w . P a g e s 5 - 1 0 i n P r o c e e d i n g s , International S y m p o s i u m o n D e v e l o p m e n t a n d Transfer o f T e c h n o l o g y f o r R a i n f e d A g r i c u l t u r e a n d t h e S A T Farmer, ICRISAT. 2 8 A u g - 1 S e p t 1 9 7 9 , H y d e r a b a d . India. P a t a n c h e r u , A . P.. India: ICRISAT. KELLEY. P., K<strong>RA</strong>NZBERG. M . , CARPENTER, S. R., and R O S S I N I , F. A. 1 9 7 7 . T h e f l o w of scientific a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e i n n o v a t i o n p r o c e s s : a n analytical s t u d y . A t l a n t a . G e o r g i a : D e p a r t m e n t o f Social S c i e n c e , G e o r g i a T e c h n i c a l University. References B O H N E T , M . , and REICHELT, H. 1 9 7 2 . A p p l i e d r e s e a r c h a n d its i m p a c t o n e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t : t h e East A f r i c a n c a s e . M u n i c h : W e l t f o r m V e r l a g . B R O C K W A Y , L . H . 1 9 7 9 . S c i e n c e a n d colonial e x p a n s i o n . N e w Y o r k : A c a d e m i c Press. B U S C H , L . and S A C H S . C. 1 9 8 1 . T h e agricultural s c i e n c e s a n d t h e m o d e m w o r l d s y s t e m . P a g e s 1 3 1 - 1 5 6 i n S c i e n c e a n d agricultural d e v e l o p m e n t , e d . L a w r e n c e B u s c h . T o t a w a . N e w J e r s e y : A l l a n h e k l , O s m u n . C H A M B E R S , R . 1 9 8 0 . T h e s o c i o e c o n o m i c s o f p r o s p e c t i v e t e c h n o l o g i e s : p e o p l e a n d priorities. P a g e s 8 6 - 9 2 i n P r o c e e d i n g s , International W o r k s h o p o n S o c i o e c o n o KOPPEL. B. 1 9 7 9 . C h a n g i n g f u n c t i o n s of r e s e a r c h m a n a g e m e n t , t e c h n o l o g y - a s s e s s m e n t , a n d t h e c h a l l e n g e s t o c o n t e m p o r a r y a g r i c u l t u r a l - r e s e a r c h organization. A g r i c u l t u r a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n V 6 , N 2 : 1 2 3 - 1 3 9 . M B I T H I , P . M . 1 9 7 7 . F a r m d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o social p s y c h o l o g i c a l e l e m e n t s a n d t h e h u m a n f a c t o r in agricultural m a n a g e m e n t . In D e c i s i o n - m a k i n g in a g r i c u l t u r e , e d s . T h e o d o r D a m s a n d K e n n e t h E . H u n t . S i x t e e n t h International C o n f e r e n c e o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Econ o m i s t s . L i n c o l n , N e b r a s k a , U S A : U n i v e r s i t y o f N e b r a s ka Press. M O S E M A N , A . H . 1 9 7 0 . Building agricultural r e s e a r c h s y s t e m s i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g nations. N e w Y o r k : A g r i c u l tural D e v e l o p m e n t C o u n c i l . P E A R S E , A . 1 9 8 0 . S e e d s o f p l e n t y ; s e e d s o f w a n t . O x f o r d : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press. 6 9 6
Page 1:
SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
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Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
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C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
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Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
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Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
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Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
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than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
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the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
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may often be greater under low fert
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Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
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the associated crop can all be defi
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MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
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Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
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systems. Maize has generally been g
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the next crop. A similar harvesting
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UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
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programs to evolve closed pedigree
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ally one would go back to breeder's
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egion after a careful study of fact
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The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
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was soon used with a pair of bulloc
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should be understood that workers f
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• The under-utilization of certai
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season makes these animals incapabl
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we will assist in over-equipping th
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contain more clay and considerable
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uncertain moisture are the rule in
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a. Transfer of existing local varie
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JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and it
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proved postharvest grain systems ar
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most developing countries, farmers
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The first concern of research and d
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to be investigated further to devis
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Session 6 Production Technology L R
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seed production by autonomous indep
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educed because of shading compared
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Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
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Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
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machines, abrasive elements are mou
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Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
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T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
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Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
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Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
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Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
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JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
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Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
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Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
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A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
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EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
Page 111 and 112:
thickness within a kernel and betwe
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3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
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Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
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Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
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Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
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swelling power and starch solubilit
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C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
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AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
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ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
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Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
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proved protein quality and total gr
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distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
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4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
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Table 7. Comparison of results from
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Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
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fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
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Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
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Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
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S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
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October and November (Fig 1) In thi
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Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
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(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
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Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
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Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
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Development of Basic Studies Seedli
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Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
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• It converts sorghum as a conven
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Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
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Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
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1. Climatological and physical cond
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why a substantial percentage of far
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An example of the possible problem
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Although those would appear to enco
Page 181 and 182: Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
Page 183 and 184: appear to be merit in strengthening
Page 185 and 186: TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
Page 187 and 188: egional sense are well known. It is
Page 189 and 190: to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
Page 191 and 192: interpretations can be given to the
Page 193 and 194: esearch can concentrate on the most
Page 196 and 197: Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
Page 198 and 199: Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
Page 200 and 201: Table 4. Production and percentage
Page 202 and 203: Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
Page 204 and 205: Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
Page 206 and 207: Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
Page 208 and 209: Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
Page 210 and 211: Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
Page 212 and 213: Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
Page 214 and 215: areas in t h e s e zones can be ret
Page 216 and 217: urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
Page 218 and 219: T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
Page 220 and 221: eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
Page 222 and 223: T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
Page 224: t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
Page 227 and 228: Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
Page 229 and 230: International ICRISAT More develope
Page 231: find that their linkage w i t h t h
Page 236 and 237: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 238 and 239: countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
Page 240 and 241: 26 24 Karnataka 22 2 0 Maharashtra
Page 242 and 243: to not result in vastly different c
Page 244 and 245: c o s t s represent 2 9 % of its na
Page 246 and 247: T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
Page 248 and 249: Sorghum Breeding Strategies In Indi
Page 250 and 251: areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w
Page 252: VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
Page 255 and 256: farmers. I am not sure that this ge
Page 257 and 258: t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
Page 260 and 261: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 262: Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
Page 265 and 266: 2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d i
Page 267 and 268: taxa retain variation that w a s lo
Page 269 and 270: ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
Page 272 and 273: Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
Page 274 and 275: in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
Page 276: Appendix 1 Short Communications
Page 279 and 280: Results indicated that stover yield
Page 281 and 282: grain was assessed for grain mold b
Page 283 and 284:
Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
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The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
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Poster Session The following papers
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The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
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A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
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Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
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Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
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Lecture After Presentation of Award
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prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
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i n g s of t h e International S h
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P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
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India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
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B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
Page 313 and 314:
O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
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Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
Page 317 and 318:
W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
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P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
Page 322:
I C R I S A T International Crops R
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