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Plenary Session—Recommendations 1. General Recommendations 1.1 National and International Research Programs T h e c o n f e r e n c e r e c o m m e n d e d t h e strengthening of national and international research p r o g r a m s o n s o r g h u m , w i t h close cooperation b e t w e e n the involved agencies for t h e purpose of increasing s o r g h u m production. The c o n f e r e n c e e n d o r s e d t h e c o n c e p t of Geographical Functional Regions involving a coordinated t e a m of scientists addressing t h e major problems in t h e s e regions. Important c o m p o n e n t s of this concept are the s t r e n g t h e n i n g of c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , technical transfer and training, and t h e n e e d for i m proved conditions and facilities for research. 1.2 Training Training is essential in every aspect of agricultural d e v e l o p m e n t ; the training of scientists across t h e w h o l e s p e c t r u m of disciplines is important. These include plant b r e e d i n g , g e r m p l a s m manipulation, plant protection f o o d quality, crop relationships, e n v i r o n m e n t a l interaction, p r o d u c t i o n o f quality s e e d , e x t e n s i o n , and m a r k e t i n g . Emphasis should be placed on training a d m i nistrators in areas of policy and e x p e r i m e n t s t a t i o n m a n a g e m e n t . T y p e s o f training should include degree, technical support, special t e c h n i q u e s , and refresher courses. 1.3 Sorghum in the Nineties The c o n f e r e n c e r e c o m m e n d e d that a third international s y m p o s i u m be held in 10 years' t i m e t o r e v i e w t h e progress m a d e i n t h e 1980s and m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s and set goals for t h e 1990s. 2. Factors Limiting Sorghum Production 2.1 Environmental Stress A l t h o u g h certain factors, particularly drought, w e r e emphasized as being of major general importance in limiting s o r g h u m production, it w a s clear that the m o s t important environmental constraints differ b e t w e e n regions. Seedling e m e r g e n c e , high or l o w t e m p e r a tures, and soil factors such as nutrient deficiencies or toxicities are constraints of major importance at certain sites. Furtherm o r e , seasonal patterns of climate, particularly of w a t e r availability, are crucial in determining optimal plant type and m a n a g e m e n t strategies. Because of the complexity of t h e processes w h i c h affect yield, there w a s a general consensus that effort should be d e v o t e d to i m p r o v i n g e x p e r i m e n t s a n d physiological understanding in order that reliable predictions for different e n v i r o n m e n t s can be m a d e . This is equally important for b o t h soil and climate constraints and implies t h e d e v e l o p m e n t and use of appropriate m a t h e matical models. Sorghum yield i m p r o v e m e n t in the 1980s will involve parallel advances in a g r o n o m i c t e c h n i q u e s a n d b r e e d i n g m e t h o d s . 2.1.1 N e e d for a clear definition of environment,. its variations b e t w e e n and w i t h i n seasons, and of the yield-limiting factors at each site. It is important to identify t h e relative probabilities of occurrence of different t y p e s of stress. 2 . 1 2 Increasing the input of crop physiology into m a n a g e m e n t and breeding programs for environmental constraints. This requires increased emphasis on t h e training of w o r k e r s in physiological t e c h n i q u e s b o t h at universities and in practical training programs (e.g., at ICRISAT). Lack of personnel, facilities, and f u n d s for physiological w o r k , especially in developing c o u n tries, is a major constraint to s o r g h u m yield i m p r o v e m e n t . 2 . 1 3 Major advances in s o r g h u m i m p r o v e m e n t requires t h e creation of multi-disciplinary t e a m s w i t h breeders, physiologists, agron o m i s t s , climatologists, etc. These w o u l d be best concentrated at a f e w centers (e.g., ICRISAT). 727
2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d information services to collate and index data f r o m past and f u t u r e s o r g h u m e x p e r i m e n t s . These w o u l d also be best coordinated at o n e center. 2.1.5 N e e d for a m i n i m u m data set to be collected and reported in all e x p e r i m e n t s that w o u l d include m e a s u r e s of environm e n t , soil factors, f a r m i n g s y s t e m s and crop phenology. 2.1.6 M o r e basic physiological research in crop a n d stress physiology is essential for l o n g e r - t e r m a d v a n c e s . T h i s m a y b e achieved effectively in relation to s o r g h u m in t h e SAT by encouraging contract research. 2.1.7 M o r e exchange p r o g r a m s and confere n c e s w o u l d facilitate rapid information transfer. 2.1.8 There is a n e e d for t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of i m p r o v e d diagnostic techniques for nutrient deficiencies or excesses. An institute — p e r h a p s I C R I S A T — s h o u l d prepare a n appropriate handbook. 2.1.9 The d e v e l o p m e n t of simple, reliable, and rapid screening t e c h n i q u e s that w o u l d be suitable for use in early segregating generations is urgently required. H o w e v e r , m o r e effort needs t o b e concentrated o n validating each stress situation b e f o r e t h e y are t o o w i d e l y applied. The identification and validation of appropriate characters w i l l be achieved best by t h e full-time participation, w i t h physiologists and agron o m i s t s , of a breeder released f r o m t h e constraints of variety production. 2.1.10 Studies on root physiology of s o r g h u m should be increased in v i e w of its importance in nutrient and w a t e r uptake. There should also be s o m e e m p h a s i s on biological nitrogen fixation. 2.1.11 Recognizing t h e large gaps b e t w e e n research station and f a r m yields, an increased effort in farm-level research is n e e d e d in t h e 1980s. 2.2 Pests 2.2.1 Pest surveys should be c o n t i n u e d , utilizing s i m p l e and effective sampling t e c h n i q u e s t o d e t e r m i n e b o t h preharvest a n d postharv e s t c r o p losses in order to progress t o w a r d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of genuinely integrated pest m a n a g e m e n t practices and to minimize reliance on strictly prophylactic pest c o n t o l . E c o n o m i c t h r e s h o l d s m u s t b e established for pest and pest c o m p l e x e s to assist in m a k i n g insect control and crop m a n a g e m e n t decisions. 2.2.2 Emphasize research on basic aspects of pest and beneficial arthropod biology, ecology, behavior, and population d y n a m i c s for u s e in pest forecasting and s y s t e m s m o d e l ing, and in developing effective and practical integrated pest m a n a g e m e n t strategies applicable to cropping s y s t e m s in b o t h developing and d e v e l o p e d countries. 2.2.3 Continue efforts t o w a r d protecting sorg h u m f r o m arthropod d e p r e d a t i o n s b y breeding plants resistant to pests a n d / o r d a m a g e . Develop effective p r o g r a m s for m e a s u r i n g plant resistance to multiple pest species, including efficient and reliable t e c h n i q u e s utilizing artificially-reared insects to screen cultivars under controlled insect pressure and e n v i r o n m e n t . Utilize international pest nurseries to locate broads p e c t r u m and stable sources of resistance a n d to identify insect biotypes. D e t e r m i n e m e c h a n i s m s and inheritance of resistance to specific pests. 2.2.4 Initiate significant research efforts in areas of biological control t h r o u g h t h e utilization of efficacious natural e n e m i e s by their conservation, importation, a n d / o r a u g m e n - tation. Every effort should be m a d e to integrate pest control strategies including t h e use of: efficacious natural e n e m i e s , s o r g h u m varieties w i t h pest-resistant characters, cropping practices unfavorable to t h e pest, and t h e judicious use of selective pesticides. 2.3 Diseases 2.3.1 A c o m p r e h e n s i v e account of t h e major a n d potential diseases on a global basis w i t h specific r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o n t h e f u t u r e strategies for disease m a n a g e m e n t is available in t h e published proceedings of t h e 1978 ICRISAT International W o r k s h o p on S o r g h u m Diseases. The priorities identified a t that w o r k s h o p n e e d t o b e f o l l o w e d effectively in t h e 1980s. 2.3.2 W e r e c o m m e n d intensive surveys and t h e m o n i t o r i n g of major diseases on country 7 2 8
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SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
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Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
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C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
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Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
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Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
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Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
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than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
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the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
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may often be greater under low fert
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Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
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the associated crop can all be defi
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MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
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Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
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systems. Maize has generally been g
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the next crop. A similar harvesting
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UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
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programs to evolve closed pedigree
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ally one would go back to breeder's
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egion after a careful study of fact
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The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
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was soon used with a pair of bulloc
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should be understood that workers f
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• The under-utilization of certai
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season makes these animals incapabl
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we will assist in over-equipping th
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contain more clay and considerable
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uncertain moisture are the rule in
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a. Transfer of existing local varie
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JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and it
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proved postharvest grain systems ar
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most developing countries, farmers
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The first concern of research and d
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to be investigated further to devis
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Session 6 Production Technology L R
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seed production by autonomous indep
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educed because of shading compared
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Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
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Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
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machines, abrasive elements are mou
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Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
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T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
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Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
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Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
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Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
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JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
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Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
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Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
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A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
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EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
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thickness within a kernel and betwe
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3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
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Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
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Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
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Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
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swelling power and starch solubilit
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C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
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AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
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ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
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Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
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proved protein quality and total gr
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distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
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4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
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Table 7. Comparison of results from
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Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
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fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
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Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
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Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
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S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
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October and November (Fig 1) In thi
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Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
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(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
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Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
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Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
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Development of Basic Studies Seedli
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Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
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• It converts sorghum as a conven
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Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
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Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
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1. Climatological and physical cond
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why a substantial percentage of far
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An example of the possible problem
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Although those would appear to enco
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Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
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appear to be merit in strengthening
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TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
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egional sense are well known. It is
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to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
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interpretations can be given to the
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esearch can concentrate on the most
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Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
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Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
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Table 4. Production and percentage
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Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
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Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
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Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
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Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
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Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
Page 212 and 213: Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
Page 214 and 215: areas in t h e s e zones can be ret
Page 216 and 217: urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
Page 218 and 219: T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
Page 220 and 221: eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
Page 222 and 223: T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
Page 224: t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
Page 227 and 228: Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
Page 229 and 230: International ICRISAT More develope
Page 231 and 232: find that their linkage w i t h t h
Page 233 and 234: A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w
Page 236 and 237: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 238 and 239: countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
Page 240 and 241: 26 24 Karnataka 22 2 0 Maharashtra
Page 242 and 243: to not result in vastly different c
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Page 246 and 247: T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
Page 248 and 249: Sorghum Breeding Strategies In Indi
Page 250 and 251: areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w
Page 252: VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
Page 255 and 256: farmers. I am not sure that this ge
Page 257 and 258: t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
Page 260 and 261: Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
Page 262: Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
Page 267 and 268: taxa retain variation that w a s lo
Page 269 and 270: ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
Page 272 and 273: Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
Page 274 and 275: in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
Page 276: Appendix 1 Short Communications
Page 279 and 280: Results indicated that stover yield
Page 281 and 282: grain was assessed for grain mold b
Page 283 and 284: Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
Page 285 and 286: The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
Page 288 and 289: Poster Session The following papers
Page 290 and 291: The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
Page 292 and 293: A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
Page 294: Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
Page 298 and 299: Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
Page 300 and 301: Lecture After Presentation of Award
Page 302 and 303: prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
Page 304: i n g s of t h e International S h
Page 307 and 308: P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
Page 309 and 310: India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
Page 311 and 312: B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
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O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
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Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
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W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
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P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
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I C R I S A T International Crops R
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