RA 00048.pdf - OAR@ICRISAT

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there is nothing left but to look for a better performing equipment. The fact that there is not any "heavy type" (multiple row tool bar type) animal traction equipment available is aggravating the situation. Less than aggressive trials of the "polyculture" have been made in the area but the farmers were able to see the price/benefit relationship. They were struck by its performance for seeding, weeding and ridging, but they were not similarly impressed by its ability to plow. The tractive force which it demands and the price made it unacceptable. The petroleum crisis and worldwide inflation clearly pose the necessity to internalize the heavy animal traction phase. This equipment needs to be perfected because all that has been tried to date has not been satisfactory. We hope that over the next 4 years that some equipment distinguishes itself by its performance in trials offstation, with farmers. ICRISAT/Mali, as part of its research program, has used a number of tool carriers which, when used with appropriate cultural methods, have shown themselves to be effective and can solve the problem of precision seeding and weeding. Working on this basis, "Division du Machinisme Agricole" of Mali collaborating with an ICRISAT consultant has fabricated different tool carrier prototypes of the "Barre-Nolle" type. This tool carrier has variable wheel spacing from 120 to 180 cm and has been successfully used for seeding and weeding. It is also possible to work on ridges as well as on flat ground. Earlier, seeding and weeding on ridges was not possible with existing equipment. While it is well known that weeding is the limiting factor for total area cultivated, one should also note that existing equipment is not adequately utilized for these operations; weeding is therefore often done with the traditional daba. While some farmers satisfactorily carry out interline weeding with the "multiculteur", this assumes that the precision of row spacing has been achieved either by using a seeding rope or precision seeding equipment. In terms of work time, the seeding and weeding operations carried out with the tool carrier used are 2 to 3 times as fast as the "multiculteur" because they cover 2 to 3 times the surface with one pass in the field. The existence today of a reserve of rural craftsmen trained and equipped and thus capable of bringing the logistic support necessary to animal traction makes it necessary to first exploit to the fullest the possibilities that this step brings before moving to intermediate mechanization. Intermediate Motorization While in the 5th year of experimentation, this phase is not well understood. It is focused on farms which have a great deal of experience with animal traction and which have substantial revenues, i.e., sufficient to make the investment. Because of the training and necessary followthrough, farmers were chosen in an area relatively close to support the services around Koutiala, Fana and Sikasso and governed by the following strict criteria: (a) 15-20 ha cultivated land plus available fallow. (b) sufficient family workers (at least 8 active). (c) the desire of the head of the family. (d) proven debt worthiness. A preliminary study permitted a choice of farms which have received a tractor and accompanying equipment on credit over 5 years with the 1 st year deferred but payment in cash thereafter. In addition, at the beginning of each cropping year a sum is paid in advance for the functioning of the machine (fuel, lubrication, spare parts, etc.). The farmer pays cash for repairs after the 2nd year. The 1st year is considered as a training and adapting period. Three existing project sections today are responsible for: training tractor drivers, putting the equipment in place, supplying inputs, repair and maintenance, the control and supervision of the agronomic practices of the farmers, and the preparations and execution of a work plan with the agreement of the head of the farm. Given the responsibility, which is difficult to pass on in the short term, especially if one knows the complexities of motorization, of never going beyond one day for repairing an equipment unit, the experience shows that there is room for improvement. Conclusion While the agricultural potential of the zone offers great potential, the farmers make less and less effort to equip themselves because of the price structure and the lack of adequate credit. Efforts must be undertaken with an emphasis on those who equip themselves for the first time otherwise 516
we will assist in over-equipping those who were equipped while equipment was cheaper. This necessitates that one does not allow, to the degree that it is possible, the prestige that motorization brings within the village to bring into question the order of development steps. In other words, it would be desirable to exploit all of the potential of animal traction before going onto intermediate motorization. R e f e r e n c e s (from Francophone informal sources) Rapport d'activites CFDT. 1960/1965. Rapport annuel CMDT 1979, 1980. Culture motorisee dans la zone Mali/Sud—rapport annuel 1979/1980. Bilan de I'enquete agricole CMDT 1973/1979. Determination des couts de production—ler Avril. 1981. L'agriculture et les machines—Options mediterraneennes D6cembre. 1970. Technologies "pertinentes" et developpement rural —Maurice, Ogier dans Machinisme Agricole. Tropical n° 73/1981. L'Af rique de I'Ouest vue par un agriculteur Pierre Vignier 1961 517
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SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
Page 5 and 6: Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
Page 7 and 8: C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
Page 9 and 10: Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
Page 11: Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
Page 15 and 16: Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
Page 17 and 18: than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
Page 19 and 20: the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
Page 21 and 22: may often be greater under low fert
Page 23 and 24: Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
Page 25 and 26: the associated crop can all be defi
Page 27 and 28: MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
Page 29 and 30: Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
Page 31 and 32: systems. Maize has generally been g
Page 33 and 34: the next crop. A similar harvesting
Page 35: UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
Page 38 and 39: programs to evolve closed pedigree
Page 40 and 41: ally one would go back to breeder's
Page 42 and 43: egion after a careful study of fact
Page 45 and 46: The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
Page 47 and 48: was soon used with a pair of bulloc
Page 49 and 50: should be understood that workers f
Page 51 and 52: • The under-utilization of certai
Page 53: season makes these animals incapabl
Page 58 and 59: contain more clay and considerable
Page 60 and 61: uncertain moisture are the rule in
Page 62 and 63: a. Transfer of existing local varie
Page 64 and 65: JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and it
Page 66 and 67: proved postharvest grain systems ar
Page 68 and 69: most developing countries, farmers
Page 70 and 71: The first concern of research and d
Page 72 and 73: to be investigated further to devis
Page 75 and 76: Session 6 Production Technology L R
Page 77: seed production by autonomous indep
Page 80 and 81: educed because of shading compared
Page 82 and 83: Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
Page 85 and 86: Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
Page 87 and 88: machines, abrasive elements are mou
Page 89 and 90: Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
Page 91 and 92: T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
Page 93 and 94: Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
Page 95 and 96: Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
Page 97 and 98: Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
Page 99 and 100: JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
Page 102 and 103: Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
Page 104:
Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
Page 107 and 108:
A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
Page 109 and 110:
EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
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thickness within a kernel and betwe
Page 113 and 114:
3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
Page 115 and 116:
Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
Page 117 and 118:
Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
Page 119 and 120:
Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
Page 121 and 122:
swelling power and starch solubilit
Page 123 and 124:
C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
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AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
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ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
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Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
Page 131 and 132:
proved protein quality and total gr
Page 133 and 134:
distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
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4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
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Table 7. Comparison of results from
Page 139 and 140:
Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
Page 141 and 142:
fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
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Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
Page 146 and 147:
Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
Page 148 and 149:
S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
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October and November (Fig 1) In thi
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Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
Page 154 and 155:
(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
Page 156 and 157:
Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
Page 158 and 159:
Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
Page 160 and 161:
Development of Basic Studies Seedli
Page 162:
Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
Page 165 and 166:
• It converts sorghum as a conven
Page 168 and 169:
Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
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Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
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1. Climatological and physical cond
Page 175 and 176:
why a substantial percentage of far
Page 177 and 178:
An example of the possible problem
Page 179 and 180:
Although those would appear to enco
Page 181 and 182:
Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
Page 183 and 184:
appear to be merit in strengthening
Page 185 and 186:
TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
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egional sense are well known. It is
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to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
Page 191 and 192:
interpretations can be given to the
Page 193 and 194:
esearch can concentrate on the most
Page 196 and 197:
Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
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Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
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Table 4. Production and percentage
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Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
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Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
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Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
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Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
Page 210 and 211:
Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
Page 212 and 213:
Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
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areas in t h e s e zones can be ret
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urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
Page 218 and 219:
T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
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eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
Page 222 and 223:
T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
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t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
Page 227 and 228:
Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
Page 229 and 230:
International ICRISAT More develope
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find that their linkage w i t h t h
Page 233 and 234:
A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
Page 240 and 241:
26 24 Karnataka 22 2 0 Maharashtra
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to not result in vastly different c
Page 244 and 245:
c o s t s represent 2 9 % of its na
Page 246 and 247:
T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
Page 248 and 249:
Sorghum Breeding Strategies In Indi
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areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w
Page 252:
VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
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farmers. I am not sure that this ge
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t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262:
Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
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2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d i
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taxa retain variation that w a s lo
Page 269 and 270:
ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
Page 272 and 273:
Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
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in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
Page 276:
Appendix 1 Short Communications
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Results indicated that stover yield
Page 281 and 282:
grain was assessed for grain mold b
Page 283 and 284:
Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
Page 285 and 286:
The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
Page 288 and 289:
Poster Session The following papers
Page 290 and 291:
The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
Page 292 and 293:
A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
Page 294:
Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
Page 298 and 299:
Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
Page 300 and 301:
Lecture After Presentation of Award
Page 302 and 303:
prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
Page 304:
i n g s of t h e International S h
Page 307 and 308:
P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
Page 309 and 310:
India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
Page 311 and 312:
B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
Page 313 and 314:
O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
Page 315 and 316:
Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
Page 317 and 318:
W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
Page 319 and 320:
P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
Page 322:
I C R I S A T International Crops R
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