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with improved cropping practices: Sorghum/millets 118 860 ha Com 24 271 ha Rice 4 604 ha Jute 3 400 ha Cotton 118 612 ha Total 269 747 ha The total available farm area in Mali is 6.72 million ha. Considering that most of the farmers Table 2. Comparative work time for traditional and animal traction with millet and sorghum. 1. Traditional Cropping Clearing fields Seeding Thinning and transplanting Maintenance Harvest/threshing / winnowing/transport Number of days 12 2 4 18 25 Total days/ha 61 II. Animal Traction Land preparation Harrowing Seeding 1st Weeding 2nd Weeding Ridging Harvest Threshing/winnowing Transport Men Equipment 4 2 2 1 2 — 5 1 5 1 5 2 10 — 15 — 2 1 Total days/ha 50 8 who have a "Multiculteur" also have a plow, the following ratios are possible: —Number of plow units 52 522 + 34 115 = 86 637 —Area tillable by these units if each plows 5 ha/unit: 86 637 x 5 - 433 185 ha. —Number of units which may be placed: 6 720 0 0 0 - 4 3 3 185 = 1 257 363 5 —Use efficiency of existing units 269 747 0.62 433 185 The ratio of fields cropped with improved practices and the total number of farms (140 000) gives: 269 747 = 1.926 ha/farm in improved practice 140 000 This is far from the average levels desired by the project which previewed 5 ha in annual crops of which: —Cotton —Cereals —Others : 1.0 ha. : 3.5 ha : 0.5 ha. Equipment available per farm 86 637 140 000 The potential area available for expansion would be: 140 000 Observations = 0.62 or 1.6 farms/plow unit 6 72 000 - 433 185 = 44.91 ha/farm A summary of the lessons which may be drawn from this analysis: • There is an enormous need for equipment. Table 3. Implement Number off farm implement units. Before the Project years project 1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 1978/79 1979/80 Plow "Multiculteur" Cart 37 458 20 247 16 532 36 848 23 726 18004 44 601 28 560 22 041 48 067 31 355 24 524 52 522 3 4 1 1 5 25 412 512
• The under-utilization of certain equipment indicates that some farms are overequipped. • One equipment unit with a capacity of 5 ha takes care of more than two farms. • The modernization effort needs to be continued and intensified so that the potential of animal traction may be exploited to its fullest. Particular attention needs to be paid to those who receive equipment for the first time. Techniques Realized with Millet and Sorghum While no precise objective was set for the project, a particular emphasis was placed on cereal crops. The results in Table 4 show the development of production practices on these crops. Area where techniques were followed should be understood to mean that the cereals were grown in rotation with cotton. The weeding bottleneck which could exist with increased area under cultivation as well as grouped early seeding was avoided with the use of animal traction equipment for weeding. The spread of animal traction is an indication of the progress in agricultural modernization. The Socioeconomic Context of of Mechanization (Tables 5 and 6) The agricultural modernization strategy in the project zone was originally based exclusively on placing imported equipment with a credit system which grew up over the years. At first the only efforts were directed towards cash sales through rural groups. Very early in the experiences volunteer farmers, chosen for their receptivity and discipline, began to receive interest-free credit for 2 years to purchase a pair of bullocks and farm equipment (plow, weeder, etc.) In return, the farmer committed himself to the program of the extension service. This system gave excellent results and permitted the project to rapidly pass on its techniqes to some farmers from whom the example spread readily. The rhythm of equipment placement has been sensibly improved by the creation of a specialized credit service, initially with the Bank of Mali (1964-SCAER) and later a financially autonomous institution in 1971 (SCAER). The purchase of equipment was made either through rural organizations or Rual Development Operations (CMDT) in the following forms: (a) Cash payment funds received from the crop sales (cotton, cereals, animals). (b) Money coming from commercial activities, a relative who is a bureaucrat, or a member of the family who is working away from the farm. (c) Purchase on short-term credit. The most common form, excluding timely monetary contributions by farm family members working temporarily or permanently in other sectors of the economy, was. and continues to be, medium-term credit. At this time this credit does not cover traction animals which must be purchased on a cash basis. The rest of the equipment was subsidized until 1976. Because of the quality of statistics available, it is difficult to establish a clearly coherent link between the price of agricultural commodities produced with the equipment and the resulting production. Nevertheless, it can easily be seen that the purchasing power of farmers is being eroded. Cash payment has become more and more difficult because of the deterioration in the sale terms. In effect, it can be seen in Tables 5 and 6 that 996 kg of millet or sorghum in 1977 was needed to purchase a plow; in 1980, at the official price, one needs 1 057 kg. This deterioration is more marked for the "multiculteur" whose purchase in 1976 required 1266 kg of millet or sorghum and today demands 1776 kg, thus 510 kg more in 5 years. As a result of this reduced purchasing power, the following strategies permit farmers to fulfill their social and civic obligations: (1) An increase in the rural exodus, both temporary and permanent. (2) An increase of sales in the free market at more profitable prices. (3) An extension of the area cultivated because of equipment loans to nonequipped farmers. In effect, nonequipped farmers can nevertheless have access to equipment (plow, cart) on credit arrangements where the debt is repaid in kind, in cash, or with work during weeding or harvest. Naturally, the conditions governing the loan are defined as a function of the relationships between the parties as well as locally accepted practices. 513
Page 1: SORGHUM IN THE EIGHTIES Volume 2 In
Page 5 and 6: Sorghum in the Eighties Proceedings
Page 7 and 8: C o n t e n t s Volume 1 F o r e w
Page 9 and 10: Breeding for Pest Resistance in Sor
Page 11: Foreword In October 1971 in Hyderab
Page 15 and 16: Cropping Systems with Sorghum R. W.
Page 17 and 18: than sole sorghum. If a row arrange
Page 19 and 20: the staple cereal. Baker (1979b) ha
Page 21 and 22: may often be greater under low fert
Page 23 and 24: Ratoon Systems The importance of ra
Page 25 and 26: the associated crop can all be defi
Page 27 and 28: MANDAL, R. C, VIDYABHUSHANAM, R. V.
Page 29 and 30: Crop Management M. D. Clegg* The ge
Page 31 and 32: systems. Maize has generally been g
Page 33 and 34: the next crop. A similar harvesting
Page 35: UNGER, P. W., and STEWART, B. A. 19
Page 38 and 39: programs to evolve closed pedigree
Page 40 and 41: ally one would go back to breeder's
Page 42 and 43: egion after a careful study of fact
Page 45 and 46: The Mechanization of Millet and Sor
Page 47 and 48: was soon used with a pair of bulloc
Page 49: should be understood that workers f
Page 53 and 54: season makes these animals incapabl
Page 55: we will assist in over-equipping th
Page 58 and 59: contain more clay and considerable
Page 60 and 61: uncertain moisture are the rule in
Page 62 and 63: a. Transfer of existing local varie
Page 64 and 65: JHA. D. 1980. Fertilizer use and it
Page 66 and 67: proved postharvest grain systems ar
Page 68 and 69: most developing countries, farmers
Page 70 and 71: The first concern of research and d
Page 72 and 73: to be investigated further to devis
Page 75 and 76: Session 6 Production Technology L R
Page 77: seed production by autonomous indep
Page 80 and 81: educed because of shading compared
Page 82 and 83: Willey Millet/groundnut Intercroppi
Page 85 and 86: Sorghum Dry Milling R. D. Reichert*
Page 87 and 88: machines, abrasive elements are mou
Page 89 and 90: Hopper Dehuller Motor Rubber cone E
Page 91 and 92: T o c y c l o n e Bran FAN G r a i
Page 93 and 94: Hopper Head cover Metal screen Meta
Page 95 and 96: Somdiaa Mill: Bonfora, Upper Volta
Page 97 and 98: Figure 11. Photograph of the modifi
Page 99 and 100: JONES, R. W., and BECKWITH, A. C. 1
Page 102 and 103:
Industrial Milling of Sorghum for t
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Plate 1 :a. The sorghum mixture (1)
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A D B C E Figure 2. The United Mill
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EGGUM. B. 0., BACH KNUDSEN, K. E.,
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thickness within a kernel and betwe
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3. Thick porridge —to, tuwo. ugal
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Table 2. lnjera quality parameters
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Table 5. Sankati quality characteri
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Table 7. Overall acceptability of t
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swelling power and starch solubilit
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C r o s s i n g b l o c k p a r e n
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AID/DSAN/XII/6-0149 from the Agency
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ROONEY, L. W.. and KIRLEIS, A. 1979
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Table 1. Percent crude protein, 96
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proved protein quality and total gr
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distilled water for 3 hr. The M 1 p
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4 0 Low y i e l d c l a s s (22) M
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Table 7. Comparison of results from
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Table 10. Effect of fermentation an
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fermented Sudanese kisra and abrey
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Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. S
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Table 1. Source Corn Grains, total
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S w e e t s o r g h u m s y r u p v
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October and November (Fig 1) In thi
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Table 4. Comparison of juice qualit
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(80)20 BR 500 (Rio) Brix (% juice)
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Table 6. Agricultural and Industria
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Sweet sorghum Stalks (75%) Leaves (
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Development of Basic Studies Seedli
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Agricultural Experiment Station, Te
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• It converts sorghum as a conven
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Session 7 Food Quality and Utilizat
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Session 8 Socioeconomic Considerati
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1. Climatological and physical cond
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why a substantial percentage of far
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An example of the possible problem
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Although those would appear to enco
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Changes from Farm-level Food Self-s
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appear to be merit in strengthening
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TIFFEN. M. 1976. The enterprising p
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egional sense are well known. It is
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to commercial sale. ONCAO sold to p
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interpretations can be given to the
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esearch can concentrate on the most
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Sorghum Marketing in India M. von O
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Table 2. Area, production, and yiel
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Table 4. Production and percentage
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Seasonal Price Variation of S o r g
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Name o f s t a t e P r o d u c t i
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Index 350 340 330 320 3 1 0 3 0 0 2
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Figure 6. Average sorghum prices in
Page 210 and 211:
Table 8. Regression coefficients (t
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Some Important Socioeconomic Issues
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areas in t h e s e zones can be ret
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urgently to tackle t h e p r o b l
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T a b l e 5 . P r o j e c t e d a r
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eports of t h e N C A (1972; 1976c)
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T a b l e 7 . P h y s i c a l a n d
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t i m e l y supply of quality chemi
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Model I: Diffusion Model I I : Feed
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International ICRISAT More develope
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find that their linkage w i t h t h
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A s w e look t o t h e eighties, w
Page 236 and 237:
Page 238 and 239:
countries, w h e r e p r o d u c t
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26 24 Karnataka 22 2 0 Maharashtra
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to not result in vastly different c
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c o s t s represent 2 9 % of its na
Page 246 and 247:
T a b l e 7 . S t a t e i n t e r v
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Sorghum Breeding Strategies In Indi
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areas of t h e semi-arid tropics w
Page 252:
VON OPPEN, M., and RAO, P. P. 1982.
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farmers. I am not sure that this ge
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t r u e in s o m e areas, but I can
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262:
Session 9 Plenary Session Chairman:
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2.1.4 N e e d for i m p r o v e d i
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taxa retain variation that w a s lo
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ing rice; s o r g h u m on l o w -
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Valedictory Speech A. H. Bunting* M
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in agriculture m a y be m a d e . "
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Appendix 1 Short Communications
Page 279 and 280:
Results indicated that stover yield
Page 281 and 282:
grain was assessed for grain mold b
Page 283 and 284:
Mutational Studies in Sorghum C. S.
Page 285 and 286:
The Contribution of IRAT to the Dev
Page 288 and 289:
Poster Session The following papers
Page 290 and 291:
The Starch for Apospory in Sorghum
Page 292 and 293:
A Grain Yield Development in a Hybr
Page 294:
Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Associated
Page 298 and 299:
Presentation of Award J. Roy Q u i
Page 300 and 301:
Lecture After Presentation of Award
Page 302 and 303:
prepared by Dr. M o r g a n , have
Page 304:
i n g s of t h e International S h
Page 307 and 308:
P a r t i c i p a n t s , I n t e r
Page 309 and 310:
India S. S. Adkoli Plant Pathology
Page 311 and 312:
B. B. Reddy Plant Breeding IARI Reg
Page 313 and 314:
O. Sidiba Institut du Sahel B.P. 15
Page 315 and 316:
Siwaporn Siwawej Food Science and T
Page 317 and 318:
W. H. M. Morris Agricultural Econom
Page 319 and 320:
P E A R L MIILLET T R A I N I N G D
Page 322:
I C R I S A T International Crops R
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